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lished dates" extend from "5" to "40."33 Consequently, Attalus' proclamation as Basileus occurred before the 5th year of his rule in Pergamum, that is, before 236 B.C.

Antiochus' defeat saved the Attalid dynasty in Pergamum. But as his minting shows, Antiochus Hierax continued to reign in Lydia in the Troad, and in Caria, Sardis being his capital.34 But about 230 Attalus entered the field again, and defeated Antiochus in his own territory, in Hellespontine Phrygia, by Lake Coloe in Lydia, in 229-8, at Harpasus in Caria. His dominion brought under Attalus' rule, Antiochus crossed the Taurus, occupied Tarsus,35 invaded Mesopotamia.36 Defeated by Seleucus 11 he took refuge at the Cappadocian court, about 227. He then fled to Thrace, where he was killed by a band of Gauls, in 227.

The approximate chronology of the events in Asia at the time of Antiochus Hierax would be as follows:

    ca. Feb. 241: The treaty between Smyrna and Magnesia.
    Summer, 241 : Antiochus Hierax viceroy of Asia Minor.
    Fall, 241: Peace between Syria and Egypt.
    240: The war between Seleucus II and Antiochus Hierax.
    239: Seleucus II defeated at Ancyra. Antiochus Hierax invaded Pergamum.
    238: Antiochus Hierax defeated by Attalus. Attalus proclaimed king.
    Before Feb. 236: Peace between Antiochus Hierax and Seleucus II.
    230: Second war between Attalus and Antiochus Hierax.
    229: Battle at Coloe.
    228: Antiochus Hierax invaded Mesopotamia, his defeat.

p. 136; X, p. 45. For instance (AM, 1902, 145, no. 205) or (IP, II, 663). The editors of the brickstamps read the abbreviation as . But analogous stamps on other tiles from Pergamum, as etc., and the analogy of brickmarks in the Bosporan kingdom (see now Rostovtzeff, op. cit. 1, p. 109), in Sparta ( apud Wace, ABA, XIII, p. 20), in Macedonia (quoted in Bulletin épigraphique in REG, 1936, p. 330) point to the interpretation of the monogram as . For such abbreviations cf., e.g.,ABA, XXX, p. 237; AM 1902, p. 149; Gaidukewitch, Izvestia Akad. Istor. Materialn. Kult., CIV, 1934, p. 300. The Bosporan brick-marks described by the latter author show that the king was the manufacturer. As in the Bosporan kingdom after Spartocus III (284), in Pergamum, after Attalus I, the workshop was taken over by the State, and the stamp marked the tiles as "royal" .g. See, e.g., IP, II, 642; AP, X,

   

p. 42. On royal potteries in the Ancient Near East cf. I. Mendelsohn, Bull. American School of Oriental Research, 80 (1940), p. 21.
32. Bohringer, AP, IX, p. 79 recently challenged the current chronological interpretation of the abbreviation and proposed to interpret it as the monogram of an unknown contractor. The stamped tiles from the Bosporus, Sparta and Macedonia, quoted n. 29, prove that kings possessed brick factories. On the epigraphic knowledge of Bohringer generally, see the Bulletin épigraphique in REG, 1938, p. 454.
33. Year "5": AP, IX, p. 138, nos. 24-25; year "8":IP, II, P. 716,cf.P. 726; year "9": ibid., p. 663. Other signs stamped on the tiles, as e.g. An in the inscription quoted at the beginning of n. 29, mark workshops, etc.
34. Newell, WM, p. 292. Cf. Heichelheim, Hesperia, 1944, p. 361.
35. Newell, WM, p. 229.
36. Trogus XXVII; Just. XXVII 3,6; Polyaen. IV, 17; Porphyr. 260, fr. 32, 8 (F. Jacoby, FrGrH).

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