(from The State Department gopher at http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/dosfan.html) U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE 1995 APRIL: PATTERNS OF GLOBAL TERRORISM, 1994 OFFICE OF THE CORRDINATOR FOR COUNTERTERRORISM Patterns of Global Terrorism: 1994 Introduction Terrorism continued to menace civil society in 1994. Although international terrorism declined worldwide, there was an upsurge of attacks by Islamic extremist groups, including many aimed at undermining the Middle East peace process. The Clinton administration increased cooperative efforts with many nations to reduce the threat of terrorism. Examples of serious acts of international terrorism in 1994 were: -- The bombing of a Jewish cultural center in Buenos Aires in July that killed nearly 100 persons. -- The hijacking in December of an Air France jet by the Algerian Armed Islamic Group, who are waging a massive campaign of terrorism against Algerians and foreigners in Algeria. -- Attacks against foreign tourists by Islamic radicals in Egypt and by the PKK in Turkey. -- The bombing of a Panamanian commuter aircraft that killed 21 persons. Extremists opposed to the Arab-Israeli peace process dramatically increased the scale and frequency of their attacks in Israel, the West Bank, and Gaza. More than 100 civilians died in these attacks in 1994. This pattern of terrorism in 1994 reflects a trend in recent years of a decline in attacks by secular terrorist groups and an increase in terrorist activities by radical Islamic groups. These groups are a small minority in the Islamic world, and most Islamic countries, as well as the Organization of the Islamic Conference, have condemned religious extremism and violence. Nevertheless, terrorism in Islamic guise is a problem for established governments in the Middle East and a threat to the Arab-Israeli peace process. There have been important positive developments as well in the fight against international terrorism: -- Two radical Arab regimes long involved in sponsoring and supporting terrorism in the Middle East÷Libya and Iraq÷are isolated. -- Iran, while still a major state sponsor of terrorism, is under considerable economic pressure. -- The old Soviet Union, once a protector of radical terrorist states and organizations, is gone. -- The conflicts in Northern Ireland and South Africa, regarded in the past as intractable, have also yielded to processes of peaceful settlement, and the main protagonists have halted the use of terror and violence as a political weapon. -- Counterterrorism and law enforcement cooperation among nations has grown, increasing the pressure on terrorists, and there is a growing international consensus that terrorism is beyond the pale. -- The Arab-Israeli conflict, which has bred much terror and violence, has taken a historic turn toward resolution. Israel and the PLO have concluded an agreement on interim self-government in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Jordan has followed Egypt in making peace with Israel; other Arab states are establishing contacts with Israel; and Syria and Israel are engaged in a process of negotiations. Nevertheless, those opposed to the peace process dramatically increased their rear-guard terrorist campaigns in Israel and the West Bank and Gaza aimed at destroying the process. US counterterrorism policy follows three general rules: -- First, do not make deals with terrorists or submit to blackmail. We have found over the years that this policy works. -- Second, treat terrorists as criminals and apply the rule of law. -- Third, bring maximum pressure on states that sponsor and support terrorists by imposing economic, diplomatic, and political sanctions and urging other states to do likewise. Because terrorism is a global problem, the Clinton administration is deeply engaged in cooperation with other governments in an international effort to combat terrorism: -- US intelligence and law enforcement agencies have an active network of cooperative relations with counterparts in scores of friendly countries. -- The Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism in the Department of State conducts consultations on counterterrorism with many other governments. There are similar consultations in the G-7 and the European Union. -- There are now 11 treaties and conventions that commit signatories to combat various terrorist crimes. The United States urges governments that have not signed and ratified these to do so promptly. -- The Department of State's antiterrorism training assistance program has trained over 15,000 law enforcement personnel from more than 80 countries over 10 years in counterterrorism techniques. -- The United States and other nations fund an active counterterrorism research and development program that strengthens our capability in such areas as plastic explosives detection. -- Finally, the United States offers rewards of up to $2 million for information that leads to the prevention or favorable resolution of a terrorist attack against US persons. Civilized people everywhere are outraged by terrorist crimes. The scars are long lasting, and there is no recompense for victims. But terrorists are a small minority, whose crimes, deadly as they are, cannot be allowed to intimidate the forces of peace and democracy. The message to terrorists from Americans and other free people and nations is that we are strong, vigilant, and determined to defeat terrorism. Legislative Requirements This report is submitted in compliance with Title 22 of the United States Code, Section 2656f(a), which requires the Department of State to provide Congress a full and complete annual report on terrorism for those countries and groups meeting the criteria of Section (a)(1) and (2) of the Act. As required by legislation, the report includes detailed assessments of foreign countries where significant terrorist acts occurred and countries about which Congress was notified during the preceding five years pursuant to Section 6(j) of the Export Administration Act of 1979 (the so-called terrorism list countries that have repeatedly provided state support for international terrorism). In addition, the report includes all relevant information about the previous year's activities of individuals, terrorist groups, or umbrella groups under which such terrorist groups fall, known to be responsible for the kidnapping or death of any American citizen during the preceding five years, and groups known to be financed by state sponsors of terrorism. Definitions No one definition of terrorism has gained universal acceptance. For the purposes of this report, however, we have chosen the definition of terrorism contained in Title 22 of the United States Code, Section 2656f(d). That statute contains the following definitions: -- The term "terrorism" means premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant(1) targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience. __________ 1 For purposes of this definition, the term ''noncombatant'' is interpreted to include, in addition to civilians, military personnel who at the time of the incident are unarmed and/or not on duty. For example, in past reports we have listed as terrorist incidents the murders of the following US military personnel: Col. James Rowe, killed in Manila in April 1989; Capt. William Nordeen, US defense attache killed in Athens in June 1988; the two servicemen killed in the La Belle disco bombing in West Berlin in April 1986; and the four off-duty US Embassy Marine guards killed in a cafe in El Salvador in June 1985. We also consider as acts of terrorism attacks on military installations or on armed military personnel when a state of military hostilities does not exist at the site, such as bombings against US bases in Europe, the Philippines, or elsewhere. __________ -- The term "international terrorism" means terrorism involving citizens or the territory of more than one country. -- The term ''terrorist group'' means any group practicing, or that has significant subgroups that practice, international terrorism. The US Government has employed this definition of terrorism for statistical and analytical purposes since 1983. In a number of countries, domestic terrorism, or an active insurgency, has a greater impact on the level of political violence than does international terrorism. Although not the primary purpose of this report, we have attempted to indicate those areas where this is the case. Note Adverse mention in this report of individual members of any political, social, ethnic, religious, or national group is not meant to imply that all members of that group are terrorists. Indeed, terrorists represent a small minority of dedicated, often fanatical, individuals in most such groups. It is that small group÷and their actions÷that is the subject of this report. Furthermore, terrorist acts are part of a larger phenomenon of politically inspired violence, and at times the line between the two can become difficult to draw. To relate terrorist events to the larger context, and to give a feel for the conflicts that spawn violence, this report will discuss terrorist acts as well as other violent incidents that are not necessarily international terrorism. Philip C. Wilcox, Jr. Coordinator for Counterterrorism Contents Introduction iii The Year in Review 1 African Overview 2 Angola 2 Sierra Leone 2 South Africa 2 Togo 2 Uganda 2 Asian Overview 2 Afghanistan 3 Cambodia 3 India 4 Pakistan 4 Philippines 4 Sri Lanka 4 Thailand 5 European Overview 5 Albania 5 Azerbaijan 5 The Baltics 6 France 6 Germany 7 Greece 7 Italy 7 Russia 8 Spain 8 Turkey 8 United Kingdom 9 Former Yugoslavia 10 Latin American Overview 10 Argentina 11 Chile 11 Colombia 11 Ecuador 11 Guatemala 12 Panama 13 Peru 13 Uruguay 13 Middle Eastern Overview 13 Algeria 15 Egypt 15 Israel and the Occupied Territories 16 Jordan 17 Lebanon 18 Morocco 18 State-Sponsored Terrorism Overview 19 Cuba 20 Iran 20 Iraq 21 Libya 22 North Korea 23 Sudan 23 Syria 23 Appendixes A. Chronology of Significant Terrorist Incidents, 1994 25 B. Background Information on Major Groups Discussed in the Report 33 C. Statistical Review 63 D. Map of International Terrorist Incidents, 1994 69 Inset HAMAS Attacks 12 Patterns of Global Terrorism: 1994 The Year in Review There were 321 international terrorist attacks during 1994, a 25- percent decrease from the 431 recorded the previous year and the lowest annual total in 23 years. Sixty-six were anti-US attacks, down from 88 in 1993. A powerful bomb destroyed a Jewish cultural center in Buenos Aires in July, killing nearly 100 persons and wounding more than 200 others. The bombing could well be the work of Hizballah, which claimed responsibility for an almost identical bombing of the Israeli Embassy in Buenos Aires in 1992. A serious hijacking occurred on 24 December in Algiers when terrorists from the Armed Islamic Group took over an Air France jet, murdered three passengers, and flew the plane with 170 hostages to Marseille. The assault ended two days later with a remarkably successful rescue operation by French commandos that resulted in the deaths of all four hijackers and no other fatalities. There were numerous deadly attacks by the Islamic extremist group HAMAS against Israelis. In April a bomb in Fula that exploded near a commuter bus killed eight persons and wounded 50, mostly children who were waiting to ride the bus back from school. In October a suicide bomber detonated a device inside a public bus in the heart of Tel Aviv's business and shopping district, killing 22 Israeli passengers plus the perpetrator and wounding at least 48. Also in October, two HAMAS gunmen armed with assault rifles and grenades attacked civilians in a popular restaurant district in the center of Jerusalem, killing two Israeli citizens and wounding 13 persons, including two Americans. On 9 October, Israeli Army Corporal Nachshon Wachsman, while hitchhiking in central Israel, was kidnapped by HAMAS terrorists. They demanded the release of HAMAS spiritual leader Sheikh Yassin and 200 Palestinian prisoners from Israeli jails and released a videotape of Wachsman in captivity asking that Israel comply with the demand. Israeli forces located Wachsman in a West Bank house, which they stormed in an effort to free him, but his captors killed him as the raid began. One Israeli soldier and three kidnappers were also killed. A member of the Jewish extremist group Kach attacked Palestinian worshippers at Hebron's al-Ibrahimi Mosque in February, killing 29 and wounding more than 200. The Israeli Cabinet subsequently outlawed Kach and the affiliated group Kahane Chai, declaring them to be terrorist organizations. Four Americans were killed in terrorist attacks during 1994. Corporal Nachshon Wachsman, mentioned previously, held dual Israeli and American citizenship. Three other Americans died in an apparent suicide bombing of a Panamanian commuter aircraft in July that killed all 21 persons aboard. Four Americans were wounded as a result of HAMAS attacks in Israel during the year, and another÷an American priest÷was wounded after he was kidnapped by terrorists in the Philippines. Worldwide casualties numbered 314 persons dead and 663 wounded. There were no confirmed acts of terrorism÷either international or domestic÷committed in the United States during 1994. In January, explosive devices were found outside two New York City office buildings. Both buildings housed Jewish-American organizations that actively support the Middle East peace process. These suspected terrorist incidents remain under investigation by the FBI. On 24 May, four men convicted in the February 1993 bombing of the World Trade Center in New York City were each sentenced to 240 years in prison. The judge arrived at this figure by calculating the life expectancy of each of the six persons killed in the attack and adding mandatory prison terms for assault on a federal officer. Two other suspects in the bombing remained at large at the end of the year. The trial of 12 defendants accused of plotting to blow up several landmarks in New York City began in 1995. In October, a judge in St. Louis, Missouri, sentenced three members of the Abu Nidal organization (ANO) to prison sentences of 21 months for plotting acts of terrorism within the United States. The three had pled guilty to Federal racketeering charges that included allegations they smuggled money and information, bought weapons, recruited members, illegally obtained passports, and obstructed investigations. African Overview Civil wars and ethnic conflict continue to rage in Sub-Saharan Africa (for example, Somalia, Sudan, Angola, and Liberia), and several acts of international terrorism took place in Africa in 1994. The rightwing South African rejectionist Afrikaner Resistance Movement detonated a car bomb in Johannesburg in protest of South Africa's first multiracial elections. Togolese oppositionists may have been responsible for a grenade attack on a French-owned restaurant that wounded five French and two Beninese citizens. Sudan turned over the international terrorist Carlos to France in August, but insisted that action did not represent a change in Sudanese policy and would not affect other terrorists harbored in Sudan. Angola In January, rival factions of the Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda (FLEC) claimed responsibility for a mortar attack on the Chevron administrative facility in Malongo. FLEC has targeted Western oil companies in the past in hopes of reducing government revenues. In late November, FLEC-Renovada claimed credit for kidnapping three Polish citizens employed by an Italian forestry company. Sierra Leone On 7 November the rebel group Revolutionary United Front (RUF) kidnapped two British engineers working for the Voluntary Service Organization. The group also captured four relief workers who were subsequently released. South Africa There were a number of serious incidents of domestic political violence in the runup to South Africa's first multiracial election in April 1994. There was also one act of international terrorism on 27 April when members of the rightwing Afrikaner Resistance Movement (AWB) detonated a car bomb at the Jan Smuts Airport in Johannesburg. The bomb injured 16, including two Russian diplomats and a pilot for Swiss Air. Togo There were a number of incidents of domestic political violence in Togo in 1994 and one act of international terrorism. Togolese oppositionists, retaliating for what they believe is French support for President Eyadama, were probably responsible for a grenade attack on a French- owned restaurant that wounded five French citizens and two Beninese. Uganda In 1994 the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA), an insurgent group operating in northern Uganda, carried out a number of attacks against foreign relief organizations, accusing them of collaborating with the Museveni government. On 23 June, for example, the LRA ambushed a World Food Program convoy belonging to the Catholic Relief Services. Asian Overview Ethnic tensions continued to pose serious terrorism concerns in South Asia in 1994. The Sri Lankan separatist group Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) is widely believed to have been behind an October suicide bombing attack that killed a leading presidential candidate and 56 other people. Pakistan continued to provide support to some of the insurgents fighting in Indian-controlled Kashmir. Targeting of foreigners by Kashmiri militants resulted in several high-profile kidnappings in 1994, including the abduction of British and American hostages in October and the abduction of British hikers near Srinigar, Kashmir, in June. Pakistan continued to claim that India supported separatists in Sindh Province. Instability in Afghanistan occasionally spilled over into Pakistan. Afghan mujahedin kidnapped 81 Pakistanis on a schoolbus in Peshawar in February. Pakistani soldiers stormed the bus and killed the three Afghan gunmen. More than 20 camps in Afghanistan that once trained mujahedin to fight the Soviets are now being used to train militant Arabs, Kashmiris, Tajiks, and Muslims for new areas of conflict. Several hundred veterans of the Afghan war have been implicated in the violence that has wracked Algeria and Egypt during the last several years. Many of the supporters of the blind Egyptian cleric Sheikh Omar Abdul Rahman, several of whom were convicted of the bombing of the World Trade Center, fought with or actively supported the Afghan mujahedin. There were no attacks against US facilities in the Philippines in 1994. Muslim extremist guerrillas÷probably from the Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG)÷ kidnapped an American priest in July. He was rescued by Philippine Marines and members of another Muslim group. On 11 December a Philippine Airlines 747 en route from Manila to Tokyo was bombed, killing one person and injuring at least 10. Khmer Rouge insurgents posed a growing threat to travelers in Cambodia. Over the course of the year, the group kidnapped and killed at least six Westerners. An American was freed in May after one and one-half months in captivity. In Thailand, in March, police discovered a truck loaded with explosives in downtown Bangkok near the Israeli Embassy, which was probably the target of an attack that was aborted when the truck became involved in an accident, causing the driver to flee. One Iranian has been put on trial in the incident. Afghanistan Afghanistan, which lacks a functioning government, remains a training ground for Islamic militants committed to overthrowing regimes that maintain strong ties to Western governments. More than 20 camps in Afghanistan that once trained mujahedin to fight the Soviets are now being used to train militant Arabs, Kashmiris, Tajiks, and others for new areas of conflict. Most of these facilities÷located south and east of Kabul÷are overseen by the nominal Afghan Prime Minister, Gulbuddin Hikmatyar, or by one of his domestic rivals÷Abdul Rasul Sayyaf, the leader of a small militant Afghan Wahhabi party, who is backed by several affluent foreign benefactors. Training in these camps focuses on tactics and techniques for conducting terrorist and insurgent operations, such as instruction on the use of sophisticated weapons, improvised explosives, boobytraps, and timing devices for bombs. The camps allow militants from throughout the world to train together, meet with new benefactors, and help foster relationships between otherwise disparate extremist groups. Although only a few thousand veterans of the Afghan Jihad, along with a few hundred newly trained militants, are actively engaged in insurgent or terrorist activity worldwide, they are often responsible for raising the level of sophistication and destructiveness of extremist operations. Several hundred veterans of the Afghan war have been implicated in the violence that has wracked Algeria and Egypt during the last several years. Two of the leading Algerian extremists, Kamreddine Kherbane and Boudjemma Bounoua, participated in the Afghan Jihad. Many of the supporters of the blind Egyptian cleric, Sheikh Omar Abdul Rahman, several of whom were convicted of the bombing of the World Trade Center, fought with or actively supported the Afghan mujahedin. Many Islamists active in Egypt's two most violent extremist groups÷al-Gama'a al- Islamiyya and al-Jihad÷received training in Afghanistan. The current Afghan regime÷deeply embroiled in its own struggle for survival÷has been unable to control or eliminate the training of extremists on its territory or terrorist use of the camps as safehavens. Some local Afghan leaders have taken some steps against the militants, but their efforts are limited by bickering, greed, and the militants' military and financial strength. Cambodia Diminished by defections and a declining support base, the Khmer Rouge increasingly turned toward banditry and terror in 1994. Khmer Rouge radio commentaries on several occasions threatened physical harm to Americans and other foreign nationals living in Cambodia. Travelers in some areas outside Phnom Penh, particularly remote rural districts, faced security threats from the Khmer Rouge and from bandits. An American was taken hostage and held by Khmer Rouge elements for one and one-half months but was eventually released unharmed. Many other civilians, however, were killed by the Khmer Rouge in 1994. The victims were mainly ordinary Cambodian villagers, but foreigners, including Thais, Vietnamese, and six Western tourists (three from Britain, two from Australia, and one from France), were killed by the Khmer Rouge in 1994. India India continues to face significant security problems as a result of insurgencies in Kashmir and the northeast. Targeting of foreigners by Kashmiri militants resulted in several high-profile kidnappings in 1994, including the abduction of British and American hostages in October and the abduction of British hikers near Srinagar, Kashmir, in June. There are credible reports of support by the Government of Pakistan for Kashmiri militants. The Government of India has been largely successful in controlling the Sikh separatist movement in Punjab State, and Sikh militants now only rarely stage attacks in India. The Indian Government proceeded with the investigation and trial of suspects in the series of blasts that struck Bombay on 12 March 1993. On 5 August 1994, the government arrested a key suspect in the case, Yaqub Memon. The Memon family allegedly perpetrated the Bombay attack. The Government of India has claimed that Memon was carrying documents that incriminated Pakistan. Pakistan Pakistan continues to experience occasional violence as a result of instability in Afghanistan. Much of this violence occurs in Pakistan's northwest border region. On 20 February, Afghan mujahedin kidnapped 81 Pakistanis on a schoolbus in Peshawar. The hijackers ordered the busdriver to proceed to Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto's residence in Islamabad. Following extensive negotiations, Pakistani soldiers stormed the bus and killed the three Afghan gunmen. Some regions of Pakistan also suffer from heavy sectarian, political, and criminal violence, particularly Sindh Province and its capital, Karachi, and the Pakistani tribal area bordering Afghanistan. Pakistan recognizes the problems posed by Afghan mujahedin and sympathetic Arabs in the Pakistani regions that border Afghanistan. In 1994, Islamabad refused to extend the visas of many Arabs who had fought in the Afghan war and who had taken refuge in Pakistan's tribal areas and the North West Frontier Province. Pakistan also closed several nongovernmental organizations it suspected were being used as cover agencies for Islamic militants from the Middle East. Pakistan concluded an extradition treaty with Egypt in late 1994 with the express purpose of extraditing "Arab mujahedin" operating in Peshawar. The Government of Pakistan acknowledges that it continues to give moral, political, and diplomatic support to Kashmiri militants but denies allegations of other assistance. There were credible reports in 1994, however, of official Pakistani support to Kashmiri militants. Some support came from private organizations such as the Jamaat-i-Islami, Pakistan's largest Islamic party. Pakistan condemned the kidnappings in June and October 1994 of foreign tourists by Kashmiri militants in India. Pakistan has claimed that India provides support for separatists in Sindh Province. Philippines There were no attacks against official US facilities in the Philippines in 1994, but Muslim extremist guerrillas÷probably from the Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG)÷kidnapped an American priest, Clarence William Bertelsman, on 31 July. He was held for several hours before being rescued by Philippine Marines and members of the largest Muslim separatist group, the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF). On 11 December a Philippine Airlines 747 en route from Manila to Tokyo was bombed, killing one person and injuring at least 10 others, mostly Japanese citizens. The Philippine Government has been trying to reach a negotiated settlement to both Communist and Muslim insurgencies and currently observes a cease-fire with the MNLF as talks continue. Sri Lanka The separatist group Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) continued to plague the government in 1994, with insurgency and terrorism directed against senior Sri Lankan political and military leaders in the countryside and in Colombo as well. Despite the beginning of peace negotiations between the government and the LTTE, the Tigers continued to pose a significant terrorist threat. The Tigers are widely believed to be behind an October suicide bombing attack that killed a leading presidential candidate and 56 other people. The LTTE has refrained from targeting Western tourists out of fear that foreign governments would crack down on Tamil expatriates involved in fundraising activities abroad. However, in April 1994 the Ellalan Force, an LTTE front group, claimed credit for bombing several major tourist hotels in Colombo. The blasts, which caused only minor damage and two injuries, probably were intended to damage Colombo's tourist industry rather than to harm Westerners. The Ellalan Force also claimed in August to have poisoned tea÷Sri Lanka's primary export÷with arsenic, although none was ever found. Threatening Sri Lanka's two leading economic activities demonstrates the Tigers' interest in economic terrorism. The Tigers possess the infrastructure to make good on most of their recent threats should the current peace talks with the government fail. Thailand Thai police discovered a truck loaded with an ammonium nitrate mixture and about 6 pounds of plastic explosives in downtown Bangkok on 17 March. The driver abandoned the truck after hitting another vehicle near the Israeli Embassy, which was probably the intended target. The Thai Government is prosecuting one Iranian in connection with the attempted bombing but concluded it does not have enough evidence to charge two other suspects. In southern Thailand, Muslim separatists, such as the Pattani United Liberation Front, continued to engage in low-level violence against the government. European Overview Terrorism in Europe declined somewhat in 1994, in part because of a cease-fire in Northern Ireland declared by the Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) on 1 September, and by the Loyalist paramilitary groups in early October. In the eastern Mediterranean region, the Greek leftist group 17 November continued to target foreign businesses and diplomats, as well as Greek Government figures, and the Turkish separatist Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) attacked tourist sites in western Turkish resort areas on the Aegean Sea. In Spain, the Basque Fatherland and Liberty group (ETA) continued lethal attacks against Spanish police and military targets. A Bosnian Muslim protesting the three-year-old conflict in the former Yugoslavia hijacked a domestic SAS flight in Norway; there were no casualties. Ethnic tensions in regions of the former Soviet Union have spawned acts of terrorism in the Caucasus and the Baltic republics. In September there was an attempted bombing of an airliner in Georgia. In November there was a hijacking of a Russian airliner to Estonia, which ended peacefully. In Lithuania, there were two bombings of a rail line connecting the Russian enclave of Kaliningrad with the Russian republic. Violence in this region has not, for the most part, been directed at foreigners. Albania On 10 April several gunmen crossed into Albania from Greece and stormed a border guard facility, killing two persons and seriously wounding three others before returning across the Greek border. A group calling itself the "Northern Epirus Liberation Front" (MAVI) claimed responsibility for the incident. It accused the Albanian Government of violating the rights of the ethnic Greek minority in Albania and berated Athens for not doing enough to support the minority. MAVI also issued a pamphlet last fall announcing the commencement of an "armed struggle" against Tirana and demanding, inter alia, the cessation of the alleged "colonization" of "Northern Epirus"÷the Greek name for southern Albania, which has a large ethnic Greek population÷by Albanians from the north. MAVI was the name of an ethnic Greek resistance group in Albania during World War II that operated first against the invading Italians and then against the Communists. Press reports state that the group was disbanded in the 1940s, although responsibility for the 1984 bombing of the Albanian Embassy in Athens was claimed in its name. Azerbaijan Several Armenian intelligence officers are being held in Moscow, accused of complicity in a series of bombings against the Baku Metro, as well as Azerbaijani trains in Russia and Azerbaijan that killed 45 persons and wounded at least 130. The Azerbaijani Supreme Court sentenced an ethnic Russian involved in the crimes to eight years in prison for engaging in intelligence work against Azerbaijan and committing acts of sabotage on its territory. The Baltics Anti-Russian sentiment may have been the catalyst for explosions and bomb threats in the Baltics last year. On 28 February, when Latvian and Russian delegations resumed talks on the withdrawal of Russian troops from Latvia, a minor blast caused by an estimated one-half kilogram of TNT damaged a power pylon near Skrunda. When Latvian and Russian officials initialed agreements on 15 March allowing Russia to retain its radar station for another five and a half years, Latvian police discovered and disarmed a timer-controlled device armed with 12 kilograms of TNT at the base of another pylon. In November, a powerful explosion destroyed a railroad bridge in Lithuania on the main railway line for international trains traveling between Moscow and the Russian exclave of Kaliningrad. The incident may have been connected to a controversy surrounding negotiations over an agreement to allow Russian military trains to transit Lithuania to Kaliningrad. France France scored a number of successes against international terrorists in 1994. In August, the Sudanese Government handed over notorious terrorist Illych Ramirez Sanchez, a.k.a. "Carlos," previously convicted in absentia in France for the murder of two French intelligence officers. He will probably be retried on this charge and possibly others after French officials complete their investigations. In September, French officials also arrested Dursun Karatas, leader of the Turkish leftwing group Dev Sol, for entering France using a false passport. (He has since apparently escaped.) Karatas is under investigation for complicity in attacks against French interests in Turkey during the Gulf war. French authorities made a number of sweeps against foreign Islamic extremists, seizing arms and false documents. They arrested or expelled a number of North Africans believed to have links to extremist organizations. In November, for example, French police detained 80 persons tied to Algeria's Armed Islamic Group. French police also arrested several members of the Basque terrorist organization ETA, including the group's second-highest ranking member, in three separate incidents during the year. In December, a French court convicted two Iranians of involvement in the murder of former Iranian Prime Minister Bakhtiar in 1991. A third defendant, an Iranian Embassy employee, was acquitted. On 26 December, France's National Gendarmerie Action Group stormed an Air France plane hijacked from Algiers to Marseille, killing the four hijackers and rescuing 170 passengers and crew. Germany The Red Army Faction (RAF) remained deeply divided between those who opted for political means and those who wanted to engage in violence. German courts granted early release to two RAF members: Irmgard Moeller, who served 22 years of a life sentence for a car bomb attack that killed three US soldiers in 1972, and Ingrid Jakobsmeier, who served two-thirds of her sentence for participating in attacks against the US military in 1981. German authorities believe the two pose no further terrorist threat. Another RAF member, Birgit Hogefeld, went on trial in November for her part in a number of attacks, including a bombing at a US airbase in Frankfurt in 1985 that killed a US soldier. Several smaller leftwing factions resumed operations. After a six- year hiatus, the Revolutionary Cells (RZ) reappeared with an arson attack on the Frankfurt subway system protesting higher fares and "racist" practices among ticket controllers. Red Zora, the feminist branch of the RZ, also reemerged and set fire to trucks belonging to a company that supplied groceries to refugee facilities on the premise that the firm was "making money off refugees." Unidentified leftwing terrorists, probably on the RAF periphery, bombed offices of the ruling political parties in two cities in September. Rightwing extremist attacks continued to decline last year. There were still more than 1,000 reported attacks÷down from about 2,200 in 1993÷but arson and mob attacks against refugee homes virtually ceased, and assaults on individual foreigners occurred less frequently. The most significant incident took place on 12 May, when at least 50 youths chased five foreigners through the streets of Magdeburg. However, during 1994, the number of anti-Semitic attacks increased; rightwing extremists threw firebombs at a synagogue in Luebeck and desecrated Jewish cemeteries elsewhere. Greece Greece was the venue for a large number of international terrorist attacks in 1994. The most deadly attack was the 4 July assassination of the acting Deputy Chief of Mission of the Turkish Embassy, claimed by the Revolutionary Organization 17 November. Events in the Balkans probably sparked a number of other attacks against Western interests in Greece in April, including an unsuccessful mortar attack against the British aircraft carrier Ark Royal in Piraeus claimed by 17 November. Attacks also were made against American, Dutch, French, and German commercial and diplomatic targets. The Revolutionary People's Struggle (ELA) claimed two bombing attempts against the office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugee Affairs. In July, three improvised bombs exploded on the Island of Rhodes, injuring one foreign tourist and a Greek citizen. No group has claimed responsibility. Greek authorities made little progress in 1994 against terrorist groups, in part due to ambivalent government attitudes toward counterterrorism. Greece still lacks a new antiterrorism law to replace legislation repealed in December 1993 by the incoming PASOK government. In addition, suspected terrorist Georgios Balafas was acquitted on 25 July of murder, armed robbery, and other charges. He still faces trial in two other cases÷weapons and narcotics charges÷but was released in September on "humanitarian" grounds after a reported hunger strike. While in the prison hospital, he was visited by the then Minister of Transportation and Communications as a "gesture of support." Italy Leftwing groups modeled on the largely defunct Red Brigades carried out several small-scale attacks, including the bombing of the NATO Defense College in Rome on 10 January. The attack was claimed by the Combatant Communist Nuclei for the Construction of the Combatant Communist Party. In September, four members of the Red Brigades for the Construction of the Communist Combatant Party, another neoöRed Brigades group, were convicted of involvement in the attack on the NATO base in Aviano in September 1993. Russia Separatist and internal power struggles, particularly in the North Caucasus region of Russia, continued to spawn domestic violence and terrorism. In July, four gunmen from the separatist Chechnya region hijacked a bus carrying more than 40 passengers. The incident ended tragically when four hostages were killed as Russian police stormed the hijackers' getaway helicopter. There were also a number of airplane hijackings, including one in the Chechnya region in which the hijacker blew himself up after releasing several passengers and watching the others escape. Spain Spanish authorities scored several successes against the separatist group Basque Fatherland and Liberty (ETA), including the disruption of the "Comando Vizcaya" subunit in November. One ETA member was killed and two arrested after a failed assassination attempt against a Spanish soldier. Continuing close cooperation between Spanish and French police resulted in a September raid on an ETA explosives factory in France and the arrest of five ETA members in November, including the group's number-two figure. ETA carried out one act of international terrorism in 1994 with the attempted assassination of the Spanish military attache in Rome. Domestic attacks by ETA fell off at the end of the year, but the group retains its lethal capabilities. Turkey International terrorism has become an important part of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) campaign to establish a breakaway state in southeast Turkey and presents a potentially serious threat to US interests. PKK attacks against tourists in Turkey last year were particularly violent, although the overall number of terrorist attacks was significantly lower than in 1993. Three attacks on tourist sites in Istanbul in May killed two foreign tourists÷the first to be killed by the PKK÷and injured several others. In June, the PKK was also responsible for several small bombs that exploded in two Turkish resort towns on the Mediterranean coast, killing a British woman and injuring at least 10 other tourists. In the latest in a series of kidnappings of foreign travelers, the PKK abducted two Finnish tourists on 8 August and released them unharmed three weeks later. The PKK also attacked government and commercial targets in major Turkish cities, presenting an incidental risk to foreign visitors, as well as Turks. PKK terrorist attacks on Turkish citizens, including ethnic Kurds, continued unabated. The PKK continued to expand its activities in Western Europe, where its members clashed with police frequently throughout the year. For the first time, the PKK also directly targeted Western interests in Europe. It blocked highways in Germany with burning tires in March and conducted demonstrations in a number of German cities, some of which turned into violent confrontations with the police. After German police killed a Kurdish youth in Hannover, the PKK organized protests and sit-ins at the German Embassy in Athens and a German Consulate in Denmark. The PKK also mounted demonstrations in several West European countries after British immigration authorities detained Kani Yilmaz, the senior PKK leader in Europe, in October. The PKK also opened offices of its political wing (ERNK) in Italy and Greece. The Marxist/Leninist terrorist group Dev Sol (Devrimci Sol), or Revolutionary Left, remained a threat to US interests and personnel in Turkey, despite a series of setbacks the group has suffered over the last two years. Dev Sol's two factions were largely inactive last year as they continued to battle each other and as the Turkish police arrested numerous operatives. Some members of the group sprang into action after French authorities arrested Dursun Karatas, the head of the major Dev Sol faction, on 9 September as he tried to enter France from Italy on falsified documents. Over the next several weeks, Dev Sol supporters protested in Austria, Belgium, and the Netherlands demanding Karatas' release. Dev Sol operatives in Turkey assassinated former Justice Minister Mehmet Topac on 29 September in Ankara and also killed a policeman in Istanbul. Several groups of loosely organized Turkish Islamic extremists, who advocate an Islamic government for Turkey, attacked targets associated with the Turkish secular state. They claimed attacks under a variety of names, such as Islamic Jihad, the Islamic Movement Organization, and the Islamic Great Eastern Raiders Front. The Islamic extremists also pursue a strong anti-Western agenda. In May 1994, Islamic terrorists claimed responsibility for bombing the Ankara branch of the Freemason organization. In September, a Turkish political scientist known for his secular writings escaped death when a car bomb planted by Islamic extremists failed to explode. United Kingdom The Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) announced a "complete cessation of military operations" beginning on 1 September. Other Republican splinter groups in Northern Ireland also ceased attacks after that date, although most have not formally agreed to a cease- fire. PIRA's leadership denied authorizing the use of firearms in a robbery on 10 November carried out by a lower-level unit in Newry that resulted in the death of a postal worker. The Combined Military Loyalist Command, an umbrella group comprising three loyalist paramilitary groups, announced its own cease-fire beginning 14 October. Both Loyalists and Republicans carried out a number of international and domestic terrorist attacks before the cease-fire. Loyalists carried out several attacks in the Republic of Ireland, including a lethal attack in May on a Dublin pub during a Sinn Fein fundraiser. In March three separate attacks by PIRA on Heathrow International Airport in London failed when the mortar rounds used did not detonate. On 26 October, British authorities arrested Faysal Dunlayici, a.k.a. Kani Yilmaz, a high-ranking leader of the PKK based in Europe. The arrest sparked protests from PKK supporters in the United Kingdom, and Germany and Turkey have requested his extradition. On 26 July, a bomb contained in a car exploded outside the Israeli Chancery in London at approximately noon causing substantial structural damage and injuring 14 persons. The car carrying the explosives was driven by a woman described as in her fifties and "Middle Eastern" in appearance. On 27 July, shortly after midnight, another bomb contained in a car exploded in north London outside Balfour House, a Jewish fundraising organization. This bomb caused some structural damage to the building but resulted in limited casualties, primarily because of the time it was detonated. Five passers-by were injured by the blast. Former Yugoslavia Ethnic conflict and endemic violence plagued the former Yugoslavia for a third year, although in 1994 the fighting was largely restricted to Bosnia and Herzegovina. Meanwhile, a Bosnian Muslim, claiming that he wanted to focus world attention on the plight of his kinsmen, hijacked an SAS airliner during a domestic flight in Norway on 3 November. He surrendered peacefully to Norwegian authorities after landing in Oslo. This was the first such incident on behalf of one of the warring factions of the former Yugoslavia. Latin American Overview Latin America continued to have a high level of international terrorist activity, although the number of attacks decreased by 40 percent from the previous year to 58 attacks. In July, an attack on the Argentine-Israeli Mutual Association (AMIA) in Buenos Aires killed nearly 100 persons and injured more than 200. The leading suspect in this incident is Hizballah. Twenty- one persons, of whom 12 were Jewish, were killed when a Panamanian commuter aircraft was bombed in July, apparently by a suicide bomber. These attacks raised concerns about the reported presence of members of Hizballah in Latin America, especially in the triborder area where Brazilian, Argentine, and Paraguayan territories meet. Colombia continued to suffer the highest incidence of terrorist violence in the region. Guerrillas attacked the democratic process by attempting to sabotage Colombia's 1994 presidential, congressional, and departmental elections. Rebel organizations also targeted petroleum companies and infiltrated trade unions, particularly in the banana and petroleum industries, intimidating rank-and-file union members. US business interests and Mormon missionaries were attacked by guerrillas, and nine US citizens were being held hostage by guerrillas at the end of the year. Six of these were US missionaries. Kidnapping continued as a major source of income for the Colombian guerrillas. Guerrillas in the region continued to attack national interests causing damage to local economies particularly in Colombia, Peru, and Guatemala. In the Andean Region, the connection between guerrilla groups and narco- traffickers remained strong. Guerrillas forced coca and amapola cultivators to pay protection money and attacked government efforts to reduce production. Terrorist violence decreased in Peru during the year. The Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path) assassinated 150 persons, down from 516 the previous year when its leader was imprisoned. Various Peruvian terrorist groups suffered setbacks due to arrests, casualties, and defections under the government's amnesty program. Government actions in Chile also resulted in a decline of terrorist violence. In reaction to the terrorist violence in the region, the heads of state of the Western Hemisphere nations adopted a plan of action against terrorism at the December Summit of the Americas. The plan called for cooperation among nations in combating terrorism and for the prosecution of terrorists while protecting human rights. The nations of the hemisphere also agreed to convene a special OAS conference on the prevention of terrorism and reaffirmed the importance of extradition treaties in combating terrorism. Argentina Argentina suffered the worst terrorist attack perpetrated in Latin America during 1994. On 18 July, a suicide bomber detonated a vehicle loaded with explosives in front of the AMIA. The powerful bombing killed nearly 100 people, many of whom were crushed by the collapsing building. The bombing of Argentina's main Jewish center was operationally similar to the 1992 bombing directed against the Israeli Embassy in Buenos Aires, which left 29 persons dead and destroyed the building. The Islamic Jihad organization, an arm of the Lebanese Hizballah, claimed responsibility for the 1992 bombing. According to media reports, an organization using the name Ansar Allah, or Followers of God, issued a statement expressing support for the 1994 operation. The Argentine Government dedicated substantial resources to investigate the bombing, but the crime remained unsolved at yearend. Chile Politically motivated violence in Chile declined dramatically in 1994 as Chilean security forces reined in the nation's terrorist groups. In June, the government all but eliminated the Lautaro terrorist organization by capturing its founder and leader, Guillermo Ossandon, one of the most wanted outlaws in Chile. A second round of arrests was made against second-tier Lautaro leaders in August. Two prominent members of the Manuel Rodriguez Patriotic Front (FPMR) voluntarily returned from exile to Chile and were arrested by police. One of them, Sergio Buschman÷wanted for his role in directing a multiton shipment of Cuban-supplied weapons into Chile in 1986÷had escaped from a Chilean prison in 1987 and lived several years in Nicaragua. Colombia Colombia's two main guerrilla groups÷the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) and the National Liberation Army (ELN)÷intensified political violence during 1994, particularly preceding presidential, congressional, and municipal elections. In part to intimidate politicians and government officials, the insurgents conducted dozens of bombings, kidnappings of candidates, and assassinations of local officials and members of the security forces. In July, the FARC assassinated an Army general, the highest ranking Army casualty in two decades. While the vast majority of the violence in the nation was directed against local targets, Colombia was the location of 41 international terrorist attacks in 1994, the highest in the region. Oil pipelines owned jointly by the Government of Colombia and Western companies continued to be bombed by the rebels, but at a slower pace than in 1993. US interests sustained several terrorist attacks during the year, more than in any other Latin American country. For instance, suspected ELN rebels bombed a Coca-Cola plant in January, and FARC and ELN guerrillas attacked at least five Mormon churches during the year. The rebels also conducted a series of kidnappings of US citizens; the FARC is suspected of kidnapping at least five US citizens in 1994. At yearend, both rebel groups held hostage as many as nine Americans, six of whom are US missionaries. This appears to be the largest number of Americans held in Colombia at any one time. In 1994 there were 1,378 reported kidnappings, a 35-percent increase from 1993. This figure, however, is considered low because many families deal with the kidnappers directly without reporting the crime. It is estimated that 50 percent of these recorded instances were by guerrillas who rely on the ransom payments to finance their activities. In November, after only a few months in office, President Ernesto Samper announced his administration's willingness to negotiate with the nation's violent guerrilla organizations, emphasizing that the insurgents need to demonstrate a genuine desire for reaching a negotiated settlement. Unlike his predecessor, the President did not condition negotiations on a rebel cease-fire. While both the FARC and ELN have characterized the government's proposal as positive, government officials cautioned against expectations that negotiations would begin soon. The government is also exposing further links between the guerrillas and narcotraffickers. Various guerrilla fronts, particularly in southeastern Colombia, provide security and other services for different narcotics trafficking organizations. Ecuador The only significant act of domestic terrorism in 1994 was the dynamiting of a power transmission tower in May by a group known as the Red Sun, which led to the rapid apprehension of the group's leadership. The group was disbanded following the arrest of its leaders. [INSET] HAMAS Attacks Operations by the Islamic Resistance Movement (HAMAS) against Israelis in the occupied territories and inside Israel have increased in number and lethality. While most of these incidents, which are aimed at the peace process, do not qualify as "international terrorism" and as such do not appear in the statistics in the appendix of this book, they are a very disturbing trend. HAMAS attacks killed 55 Israelis and wounded more than 130 in 1994, resulting in the highest number of Israeli casualties inside Israel since the intifadah began in 1987: -- Car bomb attacks in April on commuter buses in Afula and a bus station in Hadera killed 14 and wounded approximately 75. A bomb on a commuter bus in downtown Tel Aviv in October during the early morning commuter hours killed 22 and wounded at least 48, and a 25 December bomb attack on an Israeli Defense Force (IDF) bus in Jerusalem wounded 12. -- HAMAS militants conducted other high-profile attacks that did not involve bombs: a shooting on a busy tourist street in Jerusalem÷a few blocks from the King David Hotel where Secretary of State Warren Christopher was staying÷that killed two and wounded 14, and the kidnapping of IDF Corporal Nachshon Wachsman on the same day. After intense security sweeps by the Israelis and the Palestinian Authority, the kidnappers' hideout was eventually discovered and a rescue attempted on 14 October. During the attempt, Wachsman, another IDF soldier, and three HAMAS personnel were killed. Wachsman held dual US-Israeli citizenship. -- The Movement kept up a steady drumbeat of small-scale attacks during 1994. According to press reports, HAMAS members killed at least 13 IDF soldiers and settlers in small-scale knife attacks, shootings, and at least one ax murder of a female IDF soldier. HAMAS attacks would have killed even more Israelis during the past year, but several miscarried. According to press reports, at least two HAMAS car bombs exploded prematurely, killing only the bombers. In the 25 December attack, the IDF's bus driver in Jerusalem did not allow the bomber to enter the bus. The bomber detonated the device on the street, killing himself but no passengers, although 12 were injured. [END INSET] (###) Guatemala Despite on-again/off-again peace talks, Guatemala's34-year-old insurgency continues. There are three major armed guerrilla groups÷the FAR (Revolutionary Armed Forces), the ORPA (Revolutionary Organization of the People in Arms), and the EGP (Guerrilla Army of the Poor). These groups, along with the Communist PGT (Guatemalan Workers' Party), are allied in the URNG (Guatemalan National Revolutionary Union). Panama On 19 July a bomb aboard a commuter plane flying between Colon and Panama City detonated, killing all 21 persons aboard, including three American citizens. Twelve of the passengers were Jews. According to media reports, an organization using the name Ansar Allah, or Followers of God, issued a statement expressing support for the bombing, which appeared to be a suicide operation by a person with a Middle Eastern name. Panama has made no arrests in connection with the bombing, but it is cooperating closely with a US law enforcement investigation. At yearend, Panamanian authorities had outstanding arrest warrants for two of the three individuals sought for questioning in connection with the 1992 murder of US Army Corporal Zak Hernandez. On 23 September, Panamanian President Ernesto Perez Balladares granted amnesties to 216 individuals, including six former Panamanian Defense Force personnel linked to the 1989 kidnapping, torture, and murder of American citizen Raymond Dragseth during Operation Just Cause. Peru Political violence and the number of international terrorist incidents in Peru declined in 1994. Both of Peru's terrorist organizations÷Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path) and the Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA)÷suffered serious reversals during the year, including numerous arrests, casualties, and defections under the government's amnesty program for terrorists, which was phased out in November. The MRTA, the smaller of the two groups, was hit hard by the government's counterterrorism effort and is virtually defunct. Two years after the capture of Abimael Guzman, Sendero Luminoso's founder and leader, the Maoist terrorist group is struggling, attempting to rebuild and resolve its leadership problems. Guzman's 1993 peace offer continued to divide the organization between Sendero militants in favor of continuing the armed struggle and those preferring to adhere to their jailed leader's proposal. Consequently, recruitment of new cadres has been hindered. Moreover, during the past two years Sendero's financial lifeline÷the narcotics industry in the coca-rich Upper Huallaga Valley (UHV)÷was disrupted, largely because of a coca plant fungus in UHV and a more active government counternarcotics policy. The Fujimori government continued to maintain its momentum against Sendero in 1994. Peruvian police detained two Sendero Central Committee members operating in Lima, weakening the group's urban infrastructure and a planned terrorism campaign to commemorate a revered Sendero anniversary in June. The arrests further exacerbated logistic and financial problems in the organization. One of the detainees, Moises Limaco, was one of the most senior Sendero leaders reportedly responsible for coordinating logistics and personnel. Despite these setbacks, Sendero proved it can still inflict serious damage. During 1994, Sendero murdered more than 150 Peruvians, down from 516 in 1993. In February, suspected Sendero militants detonated an 80- kilogram car bomb against the Air Force headquarters building in central Lima, killing two persons. In October, the group destroyed six electrical towers, cutting off power temporarily in nearly all of Lima, much of the Peruvian coast, and part of the Sierra highlands. Uruguay Three suspected members of the Basque separatist movement ETA were extradited to Spain in August by the Uruguayan Supreme Court. President Luis Alberto Lacalle's refusal to grant political asylum for the three prompted death threats against Uruguayan diplomats in Spain. Riots outside the hospital where the hunger strikers were held on the day of their extradition resulted in one death, 90 injuries, and 28 arrests. Middle Eastern Overview Terrorist violence in the Middle East continued at a high level in 1994. Extremist Muslim groups, such as the Islamic Resistance Movement (HAMAS) and Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ), demonstrated an increasingly deadly and sophisticated capability to mount terrorist attacks aimed at destroying the Middle East peace process. In Algeria, a brutal internal conflict escalated, posing new threats to the foreign community and the safety of civil aviation. In Israel and the occupied territories, the peace process came under sustained attack by militants determined to derail the negotiations between the Palestinian Authority (PA) and the Government of Israel. Both HAMAS and the PIJ increased their activities within Israel, in the process demonstrating an improved ability to mount more sophisticated and deadly attacks. In the worst such incident during the year, the military wing of HAMAS, the Izz el-Din al-Qassam Brigades, claimed responsibility for the 19 October suicide bombing of a commuter bus in the heart of downtown Tel Aviv that killed 22 Israelis. PIJ also claimed numerous attacks on Israelis, including the 11 November suicide bombing at Netzarim junction in Gaza that killed three Israeli soldiers. The Chairman of the PA, Yasir Arafat, condemned these attacks and took some steps to counter anti-Israeli terrorism. PA security cooperation with Israeli authorities was generally close, as demonstrated by the substantial assistance provided by Palestinian security authorities to Israel during the hunt for a kidnapped Israeli Army corporal in October. Nevertheless, Israeli officials called for a more effective crackdown by the PA on Palestinian terrorist elements. Violent Jewish opposition to the peace process also occurred; in March, the Israeli Government banned the extremist Kach and Kahane Chai groups as terrorist organizations after a Kach member murdered 29 Palestinian worshippers in a Hebron mosque in February. The security situation in Algeria continued to deteriorate as the Armed Islamic Group (AIG) stepped up attacks against the Algerian regime and civilians. Foreigners resident in Algeria were key targets as well; 63 were killed during 1994 by AIG forces. A French Consulate employee was slain in January, and in August an attempt was made to explode a car bomb at a French diplomatic housing compound. The AIG employed an ominous new tactic in December, when AIG militants hijacked an Air France jet at Algiers airport, killing a French Embassy cook and a Vietnamese diplomat in the process. Efforts by the major Islamist and non-Islamist opposition parties to establish a political dialogue with the regime were unsuccessful, increasing the likelihood of intensified political violence. In Egypt, the security services scored numerous successes against militants seeking to overthrow the government and establish an Islamic state. Intensified counterterrorism efforts, improved police work, and the death of an important Islamic Group (IG) leader in a police raid in April helped disrupt IG activities and stem the tide of antiforeigner attacks, which killed five tourists in 1994. IG threats against the UN- sponsored International Conference on Population and Development did not result in any security incidents, most likely due to the efforts of Egyptian security authorities and a still disorganized IG. The IG does, however, retain the capacity to attack foreign targets and disrupt the tourism industry, as evidenced by shooting assaults in September and October that killed three foreigners and three Egyptians. Jordanian authorities continued in 1994 to maintain a tight grip on the internal security situation. Dozens of individuals were arrested in terrorism-related cases during the year, including 20 persons suspected of involvement in a series of bombings and other planned terrorist incidents. Jordan and Israel signed a full treaty of peace on 26 October 1994. Under the terms of the treaty, Jordan and Israel are committed to cooperation in combating terrorism of all kinds. However, HAMAS and other Palestinian extremists continue to maintain a presence in Amman. Security conditions in Lebanon improved during 1994 as the government continued to take steps to extend its authority and reestablish the rule of law. In January, the government promptly arrested and prosecuted persons associated with the ANO and who assassinated a Jordanian diplomat. In April a prominent Iraqi expatriate oppositionist residing in Beirut was assassinated. The Government of Lebanon stated that it had firm evidence linking the killing to the Government of Iraq, arrested two Iraqi diplomats in connection with the incident, and broke diplomatic relations with Iraq. In March, the government banned armed demonstrations after a public celebration by the militant organization Hizballah. The government also put on trial former Lebanese Forces warlord Samir Ja'ja on charges of domestic terrorism and announced that the investigation into the 1983 bombings of the US and French peacekeepers' barracks would be "revived." However, significant threats to the safety of foreigners remained. Hizballah publicly threatened American interests and continued to operate with impunity in areas of Lebanon not controlled by the central government, including the south, the Biq'a Valley, and Beirut's southern suburbs. Numerous Palestinian groups with a history of terrorist violence maintain a presence in Lebanon; these include the Popular Front for the Liberation of PalestineöGeneral Command and the ANO. Moroccan authorities, alarmed by an attack on a hotel in Marrakech in August that killed two Spanish tourists, sought evidence that the incident was linked to other assaults in the country. Allegations surfaced that these attacks were politically related to the crisis in Algeria. Criminal motivations, however, are another strong possibility, and the August attack was not followed by other such incidents as of the end of the year. Algeria The overall security situation deteriorated even further in 1994 as violence intensified throughout the country, affecting Algerians from all walks of life. Although Islamic extremists remained highly fractionalized, most of the violence was focused against regime and military targets. The extremist AIG waged a bloody war against Algerian civilians. The AIG also targeted foreigners, with 63 killed in 1994. The influence of the Islamic Salvation Front (FIS) over the extremist elements appeared to slip even further in 1994 as most of the group's leaders remained in prison. In September the government released into house arrest FIS president Abassi Madani and vice president Ali Belhadj. The overall level of violence on all sides nonetheless increased. The extremist AIG instead intensified its attacks against Algerian civilians, including journalists, unveiled women and girls, the intelligentsia, and anyone it accused of "cooperating" with the regime. The group often used tactics such as beheading and throat- slitting. Attacks against foreigners also increased markedly since the AIG began its antiforeigner campaign in September 1993. On 15 January a French Consulate employee was murdered; the campaign against French residents in Algeria reached a peak with the 3 August attack on a French diplomat housing compound where extremists attempted to detonate a car laden with explosives. Other examples of attacks against foreigners included the 8 May murders of two French priests, the 11 July attack against five foreigners on their way to work at a state-owned oil site, the one- week hostage holding of the Omani and Yemeni Ambassadors, and the 18 October execution of two Schlumberger employees at a Sonatrach oil site. The AIG's attacks against foreigners grew more sophisticated throughout 1994, and the group's operations demonstrated a significant level of coordination in some cases. While the AIG was responsible for most of the attacks against foreigners in 1994, there are many extremist cells operating in Algeria that do not fall under a central authority that may also be responsible for such attacks. On 24 December, members of the AIG hijacked an Air France flight in Algeria. The plane arrived in Marseille, France, on 26 December. A French antiterrorist unit stormed the plane, ending the 54-hour siege in which three hostages were killed by the terrorists. All four terrorists were killed during the rescue. Despite the Algerian regime's "carrot and stick" approach, the security situation at the end of 1994 remained grim. Efforts by the major Islamist and non-Islamist opposition parties to establish a political dialogue with the regime were unsuccessful; at no point during these efforts did the military halt its campaign against the Islamists. President Zeroual announced in November 1994 that presidential elections would take place by the end of 1995 but left open the question of who would be allowed to participate. The major opposition parties denounced the election proposal. Continued bloodshed appeared to be the most likely scenario for the beginning of 1995. Egypt The pace of attacks by Islamic extremists on tourist sites in Egypt fell off somewhat during 1994. Five foreign tourists were killed in separate attacks, and more than 20 Egyptian civilians were killed in various attacks throughout Egypt in 1994. Egypt's tourism industry, which had suffered greatly from the sustained 1993 campaign of attacks against tourist sites, began to recover somewhat in 1994 as the Egyptian Government made some successful gains in stemming the attacks. Most attacks against Egyptian official and civilian targets, and against foreign tourists, were claimed by the extremist Islamic Group (IG). The IG seeks the violent overthrow of the Egyptian Government and began attacking tourist targets in 1992. The IG considers Sheikh Omar Abdel Rahman its "spiritual" leader; at yearend, he awaited trial in the United States on charges related to the conspiracy to attack various New York City landmarks and the United Nations. In February, the IG initiated a limited bombing campaign against Western banks in the Cairo area. Over two months, seven banks were bombed, and an additional four bombs planted at other banks were defused. Injuries were limited, and only one of the banks suffered major damage. Nonetheless, the bank bombing campaign represented an extension of the IG's antiforeigner attacks, and it coincided with another IG campaign of attacks against trains in Assiut, upper Egypt. Eight tourists were injured in February in a series of shooting attacks against trains running in that province. The bank bombings ended in March with the arrests of the alleged perpetrators. In April, Egypt stepped up its counterterrorism efforts, focusing particularly on the Cairo area. An important IG leader was killed during a police raid, which appeared to disrupt the organization of the group. There was a significant drop in the number of violent incidents from April through August throughout Egypt, but particularly in Cairo. This was accomplished by more effective police work, enhanced security in the troubled Assiut Province, and perhaps a dropoff in recruitment levels of extremists. In August, the IG attacked a tourist bus in upper Egypt, killing one Spanish tourist and warning foreigners not to come to Egypt for the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD). The UN- sponsored ICPD was held in September in Cairo; no incidents occurred in Cairo during the conference, probably due in part to greatly enhanced security and a still disorganized IG. The IG continued to pose a limited threat to foreigners in Egypt at the close of 1994, as a September shooting attack on a market street in the Red Sea resort area of Hurghada resulted in the death of one German tourist and two Egyptians. In the fall, the IG appeared to shift the venue of its attacks to the upper Egyptian Provinces of Minya and Qena. An October attack on a minibus traveling in upper Egypt, which led to the death of a British tourist, demonstrated that the IG retained the capability to inflict injuries and damage the tourism industry. Israel and the Occupied Territories Terrorist attacks and violence instigated by Palestinians continued at a high level in 1994. Seventy-three Israeli soldiers and civilians were killed and more than 100 wounded in 1994, up slightly from 1993. There was a significant increase in the number of Israelis killed inside Israel÷as compared with only 14 in 1993. The Islamic Resistance Movement (HAMAS) killed roughly 55 Israelis and wounded more than 150 in 1994 as part of a terror campaign to derail the peace process. HAMAS's armed wing, the Izz el-Din al- Qassam, claimed responsibility for the April bombings of buses in Afula and Hadera, which together killed 14 Israelis and wounded nearly 75. In October, al- Qassam launched three high-profile attacks on Israelis: the 9 October shooting of people on the streets of Jerusalem, which left two dead; the kidnapping of Israel Defense Force Corporal Nachshon Wachsman, which resulted in the killing of Wachsman and one other Israeli soldier; and the bombing of a commuter bus in Tel Aviv, which killed 22. HAMAS spokesmen announced that these attacks were part of the group's policy of jihad against the "Israeli occupation of all of Palestine" and retaliation for the Hebron Massacre. Other Palestinian groups that reject the Gaza-Jericho accord and the peace process also attacked Israelis. Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ)ö Shiqaqi faction claimed responsibility for a suicide bomber who attacked an Israeli patrol in Gaza in November killing three Israeli soldiers. PIJ claimed at least 18 other attacks on Israelis, including a shooting on a commuter bus stop on 7 April that killed two in Ashdod, south of Tel Aviv. The Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine and the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine claimed responsibility for several attacks on Israeli settlers and soldiers. Yasir Arafat, Chairman of the Palestinian Authority (PA), tried to rein in Palestinian violence against Israel in 1994. The PA police force took some steps to curtail anti-Israeli attacks, including several mass detentions and a strong effort to find where Corporal Wachsman was detained by HAMAS. Arafat and other senior PA officials condemned acts of terrorism by HAMAS and the PIJ, but did not do so when individuals associated with the Fatah Hawks, nominally aligned with Arafat's Fatah organization, were responsible for a few attacks in early 1994. Israeli officials urged the PA to take tougher measures against terrorists. Intra-Palestinian violence has increased since the implementation of the Gaza-Jericho accord began on 4 May. On 18 November, 13 Palestinians were killed and more than 150 wounded when Palestinian Police clashed with HAMAS and PIJ supporters who were planning to demonstrate in Gaza. This incident followed several protests by weapons-bearing Islamists in the weeks following the HAMAS kidnapping of Corporal Wachsman and the PA's mass roundup of HAMAS supporters. In 1994, Fatah Hawks and HAMAS killed at least 20 Palestinians whom the extremists labeled as collaborators. The Israeli Cabinet outlawed the Jewish extremist groups Kach and Kahane Chai in March, declaring them to be terrorist organizations after Baruch Goldstein, who was a Kach member, attacked Palestinian worshippers at Hebron's al-Ibrahimi Mosque in February, killing 29 persons and wounding more than 200. Neither Kach nor Kahane Chai assisted or directed Goldstein in his attack, but both organizations vocally supported him. The leading figures of these groups were arrested and held in Israeli prisons on charges of calling for attacks on Palestinians and Israeli Government officials. In September, Shin Bet arrested 11 Jewish extremists who were planning terrorist attacks against Palestinians. Israel's intense border security appeared effectively to prevent infiltrations from Syria, Lebanon, and Jordan. In March, a team of four DFLP terrorists was intercepted by Israel Defense Force troops. Katyusha rocket attacks from southern Lebanon into northern Israel by Hizballah and Palestinian rejectionist groups decreased in 1994, and no Israelis were killed in the attacks. Hizballah guerrillas, often in response to Israeli attacks on a Lebanese village, fired Katyusha rockets on four occasions from January to July 1994 and launched several Katyushas in October hours before the signing of the Jordanian-Israeli peace accord attended by President Clinton. Jordan Jordanian security and police closely monitor extremists inside the country and detain individuals suspected of involvement in violent acts aimed at destabilizing the government or undermining its relations with neighboring states. Jordan maintains tight security along its border with Israel and has interdicted individuals attempting to infiltrate into Israel. On 26 October 1994 Jordan and Israel signed a full treaty of peace that commits the two parties to cooperation in a variety of areas, including combating terrorism. In 1994 two new international border crossing points were established between Jordan and Israel. Jordanian authorities arrested dozens of people in terrorism-related cases during 1994. On 20 February, authorities arrested 30 persons in Amman, including 15 suspected members of the ANO. The arrests reportedly occurred in connection with the assassination of a Jordanian diplomat in January in Beirut by the ANO. In 1994, 25 Islamists (referred to as the "Arab Afghans") were arrested and tried for planning to overthrow the government, assassinate prominent Jordanians, and attack public and private institutions. The State Security Court handed down verdicts on 21 December and sentenced 11 defendants to death, sentenced seven to various prison terms with hard labor, and acquitted the remaining defendants of all charges. Two individuals were also arrested for stabbing tourists in downtown Amman on 27 February, two days after the massacre of Palestinian worshippers on the West Bank by a Jewish extremist. A variety of Palestinian rejectionist groups have offices in Jordan, including the PFLP, PFLP-GC, DFLP, PIJ, and HAMAS. In April, King Hussein announced that HAMAS was an "illegal" organization in Jordan. After the King's announcement, HAMAS spokespersons in Jordan were more circumspect in their statements and often issued statements from other locations. Lebanon The security situation in Lebanon continued to improve during 1994 as Beirut endeavored to reestablish its authority and rebuild the country in the wake of the devastating 16-year civil war. Although the Lebanese Government has made some moves to limit the autonomy of individuals and powerful groups÷specifically Hizballah÷there are still considerable areas of relative lawlessness throughout Lebanon. Beirut and its environs are safer for some non-Lebanese now than as recently as a year ago, but the Bekaa Valley and other Hizballah strongholds are considerably more dangerous than the capital, especially for Westerners, who are still subject to attacks. In June, for example, a German citizen was the victim of an apparent kidnapping attempt perpetrated by Hizballah in Ba'labakk. The would- be victim's assailants fled after passers-by noticed the commotion. There is credible evidence that Hizballah continues its surveillance of Americans; Hizballah also continues to issue public threats against American interests. Hizballah has yet to be disarmed, but Beirut is making efforts to restrict activities by the group that challenge the government's authority. For example, the government banned armed demonstrations after Hizballah's celebration of Martyr's Day in the Bekaa Valley in March and issued arrest warrants for participants who were brandishing weapons during the march. In February when Hizballah, without reference to the state authority, tried and executed a teenager in Ba'labakk accused of murder, prominent members of Parliament publicly admonished the group and said such acts by nongovernmental organizations should not be tolerated. However, neither the judiciary nor law enforcement agencies made any effort to interfere in or investigate the affair. The Lebanese Government took judicial steps during 1994 to signal that violence is not an acceptable means for achieving domestic political change. In January, the government promptly arrested and prosecuted persons associated with the ANO and who assassinated a Jordanian diplomat. On 12 April, a prominent Iraqi expatriate oppositionist residing in Beirut was assassinated. The Government of Lebanon stated that it had firm evidence linking the killing to the Government of Iraq and arrested two Iraqi diplomats in connection with the incident. Lebanon subsequently broke diplomatic relations with Iraq. In July a Lebanese criminal court refused to convict two defendants in the 1976 killings of the US Ambassador, Francis Meloy, and the economic counselor, Robert Waring. The Lebanese Court of Cassation agreed to order a retrial after intervention by the government's prosecutor general. The trial is set to begin in March 1995. Lebanese authorities arrested Lebanese Forces Leader Samir Ja'ja on charges of domestic terrorism÷including the bombing of a Maronite church in Zuk in February that killed 11 persons and wounded 59. His trial was ongoing as of the end of the year. In November, the government suggested it would "revive" the investigation into the 1983 bombings of the US and French Marine barracks. Although viewed by some as a message to Hizballah of government intention to reassert authority, the government has not yet followed its announcement with concrete action. In December the government accepted an invitation from the US Government to send an official delegation to Washington to discuss means to improve the security situation in Lebanon. Morocco On 24 August two Spanish tourists were killed when gunmen opened fire at the Atlas Asni hotel in Marrakech during an apparent robbery attempt. After initial investigations, Moroccan officials linked the hotel attack to other assaults throughout Morocco, including the attempted robberies of a bank and a McDonald's restaurant in 1993. Nine suspects were arrested, and Moroccan authorities claimed to have discovered an arms cache hidden by the group. There have been allegations that Islamic extremists related to the Algerian militant movement were behind the Marrakech incident. But some Moroccan officials have also claimed that members of the Algerian security services were behind the attack, hoping to foment instability in Morocco to take the international focus off the Algerian crisis. The real motives of the attackers remain unclear, and the incident could easily have been an ordinary criminal attack. As of 31 December, the Marrakech attack was not followed by similar incidents in Morocco. State-Sponsored Terrorism Overview The provision of funding, safehaven, and weapons and logistic support to terrorists by sovereign states is crucial to the operation of many international terrorist organizations. Such support continues in defiance of the international community's unequivocal condemnation of terrorism and those who support it. Recognizing the danger that such support represents, a primary aim of our counterterrorism policy has been to apply pressure to such states to stop that support and to make them pay the cost if they persist. We do this by publicly identifying state sponsors and by imposing economic, diplomatic, and sometimes military sanctions. Seven nations are designated as states that sponsor international terrorism: Cuba, Iran, Iraq, Libya, North Korea, Sudan, and Syria. Cuba is no longer able to actively support armed struggle in Latin America and other parts of the world as the Castro regime has become preoccupied with its struggle for existence. Although there is no evidence of direct sponsorship of terrorist acts in 1994, Havana does provide safehaven for several international terrorists. Cuba has not renounced political support for groups that engage in international terrorism. Iran is still the most active state sponsor of international terrorism. Iranian terrorist operations concentrate on Iranian dissidents living outside Iran. While Tehran has tried to moderate its public image in the West, Iran continues to use terrorism as ruthlessly as it did under Khomeini and supports groups, such as Hizballah, that pose a threat to Americans. In December, a French court handed down a decision in the trial of three Iranians accused of participating in the 1991 murder of former Iranian Prime Minister Bakhtiar and an assistant. One was sentenced to life and one to 10 years in prison, while the third, an employee of the Iranian Embassy in Bern, was acquitted. Iran remains committed to carrying out the death sentence imposed on British author Salman Rushdie. Iran's main client, Hizballah, could well have been responsible for the 18 July bombing of the Argentine-Israel Mutual Association (AMIA) that left nearly 100 persons dead. Iran supports many other radical organizations that have resorted to terrorism, such as the Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ), HAMAS, and the Popular Front for the Liberation of PalestineöGeneral Command (PFLP-GC). Throughout 1994 Iraq remained out of compliance with UN Security Council resolutions, including those requiring it to renounce terrorism. Iraq continued its terrorist attacks against political dissidents, both at home and abroad. It also continued its terrorist war of attrition aimed at driving UN and other foreign aid agencies out of northern Iraq and depriving the Kurdish population of relief supplies. There were at least 17 attacks against UN and international relief personnel reported in 1994. Iraq continues to provide safehaven and training facilities for several terrorist organizations, including Abu Abbas' Palestine Liberation Front (PLF), the ANO, and the Arab Liberation Front (ALF). In June, a Kuwaiti court rendered verdicts in the trial of the 14 individuals accused of participating in the plot to assassinate former President Bush during his April 1993 visit to Kuwait. Libya continued to defy the demands of UN Security Council resolutions adopted in response to Tripoli's involvement in the bombings of Pan Am Flight 103 and UTA Flight 772. The resolutions demand that Tripoli turn over the two Libyan intelligence agents suspected of carrying out the bombing plot for trial either in a US or UK court, pay compensation to the victims, cooperate in the ongoing investigation, and cease all support for terrorism. Available evidence suggests Libya was behind the disappearance of prominent Libyan dissident and human rights activist Mansour Kikhia from his hotel room in Egypt in December 1993. Leaders of terrorist groups HAMAS and the Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) publicly announced that Qadhafi had pledged to provide them with aid for the "Liberation of Palestine." North Korea is not known to have sponsored any international terrorist attacks since 1987, when it conducted the midflight bombing of a KAL airliner. North Korea has publicly condemned terrorism but maintains contact with groups that practice terrorism and continues to provide sanctuary to Japanese Communist LeagueöRed Army Faction terrorists who hijacked a Japan Airlines flight to North Korea in 1970. While there is no evidence that the Government of Sudan conducted or sponsored a specific act of terrorism in 1994, the regime provided safehaven and support for members of several international terrorist groups operating in Sudan. These include some of the world's most violent organizations: the ANO, the Lebanese Hizballah, HAMAS, the Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ), and Egypt's Islamic Group. Some of Sudan's neighbors have complained that insurgents in North Africa have received training, funds, weapons, travel documents and indoctrination from Sudan. In December, Eritrea severed diplomatic relations with Sudan for its support for subversive activities and hostile acts. Sudan turned over the international terrorist Carlos to France in August, after offering him safehaven in Khartoum since late 1993. The regime has stated that the turnover was a one-time occurrence and would not affect other terrorists currently harbored in Sudan. There is no evidence that Syrian officials have been directly involved in planning or executing terrorist attacks since 1986, but Syria continues to provide safehaven and support, inside Syria or in areas of Lebanon under Syrian control, for terrorist groups such as Ahmad Jibril's PFLP-GC, HAMAS, PIJ, the Japanese Red Army, and the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK). Syria also permits Iran to resupply Hizballah via Damascus. Nevertheless, Damascus continues to restrain the international activities of some of these groups. Cuba The Castro regime, which is preoccupied with its existence, is no longer able to support armed struggle actively in Latin America and other parts of the world. In years past, Havana provided significant levels of military training, weapons, funds, and guidance to leftist subversives. Currently, the regime's focus is largely on economic survival, and the government is attempting to upgrade diplomatic and trade relations within Latin America. Cuba's economy continued to deteriorate, and a large antiregime demonstration broke out for the first time in 1994. Although there is no evidence that Cuban officials have been directly involved in sponsoring a specific act of terrorism during the past year, Havana did provide safehaven in 1994 to several terrorists in Cuba. A number of ETA Basque terrorists who sought sanctuary in Cuba several years ago continue to live on the island. Some of the more than 40 Chilean terrorists from the Manuel Rodriguez Patriotic Front (FPMR) who escaped from a Chilean prison in 1990 also probably still reside in Cuba. Colombia's two main guerrilla groups, the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) and the National Liberation Army (ELN), reportedly maintain representatives in Havana. Iran Iran is still the most active state sponsor of international terrorism and continues to be directly involved in planning and executing terrorist acts. This year Tehran seems to have maintained its terrorist activities at the level of 1993, when there were four confirmed and two possible Iranian attacks on dissidents living outside Iran. Iranian terrorist operations concentrate on Iranian dissidents, particularly members of the Mojahedin-e Khalq (MEK) and the Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran (KDPI). Iran supports extremist Palestinian groups that have used terrorism to try to halt the Middle East peace process. Tehran also gives varying degrees of assistance to an assortment of radical Islamic and secular groups from North Africa to Central Asia. While President Rafsanjani has tried to moderate Iran's public image to expand its economic and political ties to Western Europe and Japan, Iran continues to use terrorism as ruthlessly as it did under Khomeini. Tehran supports groups, such as its main client Hizballah, that pose a threat to Americans. Due to the continuing threat from Tehran and Hizballah, American diplomatic missions and personnel remain at risk. Confirmed attacks on Iranian dissidents in the past year include the following: the 7 January killing of Taha Kirmeneh, a dissident who was a member of the Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran (KDPI), by gunmen in Coru, Turkey; the 10 January wounding of a member of the KDPI by a letter bomb in Stockholm, Sweden; the killing of a KDPI leader in Sulaymaniyah, Iraq, on 10 March; and the killing of two members of the Mojahedin-e Khalq (MEK) in Qabbiyah, Iraq, while driving to Baghdad on 29 May. While the MEK has been victimized by Iranian terrorism, the group has itself employed terrorist tactics. The 24 June murder of dissident Osman Muhammed Amini at his home in Copenhagen and the 12 November murder of dissident Ali Mohammed Assadi in Bucharest may also have been carried out at the Iranian Government's behest. On 6 December, a French court handed down a decision in the trial of three Iranians accused of participating in the 1991 murder of former Iranian Prime Minister Bakhtiar and an assistant. One defendant received life imprisonment. A second, an Iranian radio correspondent who is reputed to be a nephew of the late Ayatollah Khomeini, was sentenced to 10 years in jail. The third, an employee of the Iranian Embassy in Bern, was acquitted. Iran remains committed to implementation of the death sentence imposed on British author Salman Rushdie. When speaking to Western audiences, Iranian leaders claim that the fatwa (or religious finding) against Rushdie is a religious matter that does not involve the Government of Iran. However, the Iranian Government continued its propaganda campaign against Rushdie. In February, the fifth anniversary of the fatwa, Tehran Radio stated that "The least punishment for (Rushdie)·is·his execution." Ayatollah Hassan Sanei, the head of a quasi-governmental foundation that has offered a $2 million reward for the murder of Rushdie, said that supporters of Rushdie who campaign for the lifting of the fatwa deserved to be "punished." A Revolutionary Guards official vowed publicly that the death sentence would be carried out. The influence of this campaign has been felt outside Iran. In September, the head of a Muslim organization in Norway threatened to kill Rushdie if he attended a conference on freedom of expression in Stavanger. Iran is also the world's preeminent state sponsor of extremist Islamic and Palestinian groups, providing funds, weapons, and training. Hizballah, Iran's closest client, could well have been responsible for the 18 July bombing of the Argentine Israel Mutual Association that left nearly 100 persons dead. This operation was virtually identical to the one conducted in March 1992 against the Israeli Embassy in Buenos Aires, for which Hizballah claimed responsibility. Hizballah had stated that it would seek retaliation against Israel for the kidnapping of a well-known Lebanese Shia terrorist and the Israeli airstrike in June on a Hizballah camp in Lebanon that killed more than 20 militants. Iran supports many other radical organizations that have engaged in terrorism. Tehran opposes any compromise with or recognition of Israel and, as the peace process moves ahead, has worked to coordinate a rejectionist front to oppose the Israeli-PLO accords, particularly with the PIJ, the PFLP-GC, and HAMAS, as well as Hizballah. Tehran continues to provide safehaven to the terrorist Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) in Iran. The PKK÷seeking to establish a Kurdish state in southeastern Turkey÷in 1994 conducted a violent campaign against Turkish tourism, including attacks on tourist spots frequented by foreigners, while continuing unabated the use of terrorism against Turkish citizens, including ethnic Kurds. Iraq Iraq continued to engage in state-sponsored internal and international terrorism in 1994. It is rebuilding its ability to mount terrorist attacks abroad, despite financial and diplomatic constraints imposed in the wake of the Gulf war. The Government of Iraq provides safehaven and logistic support to several terrorist groups and individuals, including elements of the ANO, based in Lebanon; the Mojahedin-e Khalq, which is opposed to the government in Tehran; Abu Abbas' Palestine Liberation Front (PLF); and notorious bomb-maker Abu Ibrahim. Both Abbas and Ibrahim enjoy sanctuary in Iraq. Political killings and terrorist actions are directed against civilians, foreign relief workers, journalists, and opposition leaders. On 12 April, a prominent Iraqi expatriate oppositionist residing in Beirut, Lebanon, was assassinated. The Government of Lebanon stated that it had firm evidence linking the killing to the Government of Iraq and arrested two Iraqi diplomats in connection with the incident. Lebanon subsequently broke diplomatic relations with Iraq. Since 1991, in violation of UN Security Council resolutions, the Government of Iraq has obstructed the international community's provision of humanitarian assistance. We believe that Iraq is responsible for more than 100 attacks on relief personnel and aid convoys over the past four years. Moreover, the Government of Iraq has offered monetary "bounties" to anyone who assassinates UN and other international relief workers. A German journalist and her Kurdish bodyguard were shot to death on 3 April in an ambush near Suleymaniya. Kurdish authorities arrested several suspects who reportedly confessed that the government had paid them to commit the murders. Several other international personnel, including UN guards and journalists, were critically injured in bombing and shooting attacks. At least 16 such attacks were reported. On 2 January, two UN vehicles were fired on while approaching the Aski Kalak bridge between Mosul and Irbil. One vehicle was hit seven times. On 21 January a handmade device using TNT exploded in the garden of a UN residence. Two Swedish journalists were injured on 14 March near Aqrah when a bomb exploded under their car. On 24 May two vehicles carrying representatives from the NGO OXFAM were shot at while returning to Suleymaniyah from a UN-NGO meeting in Salaheddin. On 1 June handgrenades were thrown at a warehouse in Suleymaniyah belonging to the French relief group Equilibre. In July, three members of a prominent Shi'a family, the al-Khoeis, and their driver died under suspicious circumstances in an automobile crash in southern Iraq, near Al Najaf. Evidence points to involvement by the Government of Iraq. The al-Khoei family had long been targeted for harassment and abuse by the government. On 4 June, a Kuwaiti court returned verdicts in the trial of the 14 individuals accused of participation in the plot to assassinate former President Bush during his April 1993 visit to Kuwait. Six of the 14 were sentenced to death, seven were sentenced to prison for terms ranging from six months to 12 years, and one was acquitted. Libya The Libyan regime continued to defy the demands of UN Security Council Resolutions 731, 748, and 883 adopted in response to Tripoli's involvement in the bombings of Pan Am Flight 103 and UTA Flight 772. UNSCR 731 was adopted following the November 1991 indictments by British and US authorities of two Libyan intelligence agents for their role in the 1988 Pan Am bombing. The resolution incorporated US and British demands that Tripoli turn over the two suspects for trial in either a US or UK court, pay compensation to the victims, cooperate in the ongoing investigation, and cease all support for terrorism. UNSCR 731 also demanded that Tripoli cooperate with French authorities in their separate investigation of the UTA 772 bombing in 1989. In April 1992, UNSCR 748 imposed sanctions against the Libyan regime for its refusal to comply with the demands of UNSCR 731. Those sanctions involved embargoing Libyan civil aviation and military procurement efforts, as well as requiring all states to reduce Libya's diplomatic presence. In November 1993, UNSCR 883 imposed additional sanctions to increase the pressure on Libya to comply with previous demands. The 883 sanctions added a limited assets freeze and oil technology ban and strengthened existing sanctions. By the end of 1994, Libya had taken no serious steps toward compliance with any of the UNSC demands. Instead, the Libyan regime continued to propose half measures and "compromise" solutions to the trial venue for the two suspects. Tripoli's proposals appeared disingenuous from the start, as none satisfy the demands of UNSC resolutions or meet the requirements of American or British judicial systems. Even while Libya continued its efforts to convince international public opinion that it had abandoned terrorism, Qadhafi and his senior advisers vehemently attacked the Libyan opposition, calling them "stray dogs" and publicly threatening them. Indeed, available evidence strongly suggests Libya was behind the disappearance of prominent Libyan dissident and human rights activist, Mansour Kikhia, from his hotel room in Egypt in December 1993. Throughout 1994, Tripoli demonstrated its willingness to support groups that oppose Western interests with terrorism. Qadhafi repeatedly urged radical rejectionists of the Middle East peace process to use "whatever means" possible to oppose it. Libya opened its arms to leaders of well- known militant groups opposed to the Gaza-Jericho accord and hosted several meetings of the rejectionist groups in 1994. In addition, Libya hailed the 19 October bus-bombing attack in Tel Aviv by HAMAS as a "courageous operation." In addition, the leaders of HAMAS and the Palestinian Islamic Jihad publicly announced that Qadhafi had pledged to provide them with aid for the "liberation of Palestine." North Korea The Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK or North Korea) is not known to have sponsored any international terrorist attacks since 1987, when it conducted the midflight bombing of a KAL airliner. A North Korean spokesman in April 1993 condemned all forms of terrorism, including state terrorism, and said his country resolutely opposed the encouragement and support of terrorism. Nevertheless, North Korea maintains contact with groups that practice terrorism and continues to provide political sanctuary to members of the Japanese Communist Leagueö Red Army Faction who hijacked a Japan Airlines flight to North Korea in 1970. Sudan The Government of Sudan provided safehaven and support for members of several international terrorist groups operating in Sudan. The regime also permitted Tehran to use Sudan as a secure transit point and meeting site for Iranian-backed extremist groups. There is no evidence that Sudan, which is dominated by the National Islamic Front (NIF), conducted or sponsored a specific act of terrorism in 1994. The list of groups that maintain a presence or operate in Sudan is disturbing and includes some of the world's most violent organizations: the ANO, the Lebanese Hizballah, the Palestinian Islamic Resistance Movement (HAMAS), the Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ), and Egypt's Islamic Group. The NIF also supports Islamic opposition groups from Algeria, Tunisia, Kenya, and Eritrea. Some of Sudan's neighbors have complained that insurgents in North Africa have received assistance from Sudan in the form of training, funds, weapons, travel documents, and indoctrination. In December, Eritrea severed diplomatic relations with Sudan for its support for subversive activities and hostile acts. In a positive development, Sudan turned over the international terrorist "Carlos" (Ilyich Ramirez Sanchez) to France in August. Carlos÷who bragged about his ties to senior government officials, carried a weapon, and flaunted Sudan's laws÷had been living in Sudan since late 1993 with full knowledge and protection of senior levels of the NIF and Sudanese Government. While the reasons for the expulsion of Carlos are not entirely clear, the regime emphasized that the affair did not signal a shift in Sudanese policy and that the fate of Carlos would not affect other terrorist elements currently harbored in Sudan. President Bashir stated publicly it was Sudan's duty to protect "mujahedin" who sought refuge. In a press interview on the suicide bus bombing in Tel Aviv by a HAMAS militant in October, which left 22 persons dead, NIF leader Hassan Turabi praised the attack, calling it "an honorable act." The Sudanese regime regularly denied there are terrorists in Sudan, and it refused to investigate information the US Ambassador supplied in September about the training of terrorists at the Merkhiyat Popular Defense camp located northwest of Khartoum. The Foreign Minister categorically dismissed the information without even offering to look into it. Syria There is no evidence that Syrian officials have been directly involved in planning or executing terrorist attacks since 1986. Damascus is publicly committed to the Middle East peace process and has taken some steps to restrain the international activities of these groups. Syria also uses its influence with Hizballah to limit outbreaks of violence on the border between Lebanon and Israel, but permits Iran to resupply Hizballah via Damascus. However, Syria continues to provide safehaven and support for several groups that engage in international terrorism; spokesmen for some of these groups have publicly claimed responsibility for attacks in Israel and the occupied territories. Several radical terrorist groups maintain training camps or other facilities on Syrian territory. Ahmad Jibril's PFLP-GC has its headquarters near Damascus. In addition, Damascus grants a wide variety of groups engaged in terrorism basing privileges or refuge in areas of Lebanon's Bekaa Valley under Syrian control: these include HAMAS, the PFLP-GC, the Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ), and the Japanese Red Army (JRA). The terrorist group PKK continues to train in the Bekaa Valley, and its leader, Abdullah Ocalan, resides at least part-time in Syria. The PKK in 1994 conducted a violent campaign against Turkish tourist spots frequented by foreigners, as well as other terrorist violence across Europe. Syrian safehaven for PKK operations was vigorously protested by Turkey and is the subject of discussions between Syria and Turkey. Appendix A Chronology of Significant Terrorist Incidents, 1994 4 January Ireland The Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) claimed responsibility for two mail bombs sent to Sinn Fein's Dublin offices. Turkey Iranian state agents are believed responsible for the assassination of a member of the Iranian KDP Central Committee in Corum. 9 January Iran An armed attack was carried out against the British Embassy in Tehran. No one was injured, and no one has claimed responsibility for the attack. 10 January Italy A bomb detonated in front of the NATO Defense College building in Rome. That evening, copies of an eight-page Red Brigades bulletin, claiming responsibility on behalf of the "Combatant Communist Nuclei" (NCC), were found in several provinces. 11 January Peru A suspected Sendero Luminoso (SL) satchel bomb exploded in front of the Peruvian-Japanese cultural center in Lima, causing minimal damage to the structure. 14 January Colombia Suspected members of the National Liberation Army (ELN) kidnapped US citizen Russell Vacek, his wife Elizabeth, and other family members as they were traveling in El Playon. 29 January Lebanon A Jordanian diplomat was shot and killed outside his home in Beirut. The Government of Lebanon arrested and prosecuted ANO terrorists for the attack. 2 February Azerbaijan Several bombs exploded inside railcars, killing five persons and injuring several others at the Baku train station. 3 February Greece A bomb detonated at the German Goethe (culture) Institute in Athens. A local newspaper received a warning a half hour before the detonation from the Revolutionary People's Struggle (ELA) terrorist group. Italy A bomb was placed underneath the car of a Spanish Military Attache, Lt. Col. Fernando Sagristano, in Rome. The device severely injured an embassy driver. 19 February Egypt Unknown assailants fired upon a passenger train and wounded a Polish woman, a Thai woman, and two Egyptian citizens in Asyut. The al- Gama'at al-Islamiyya (Islamic Group) claimed responsibility for the attack. 23 February Egypt A bomb explosion aboard a passenger train in Asyut injured six foreign tourists÷two New Zealanders, two Germans, and two Australians÷and five Egyptian citizens. The Islamic Group (IG) claimed responsibility for the incident. 4 March Egypt Unknown gunmen opened fire at a Nile cruise ship and wounded a German tourist near the Sohag Governorate. The Islamic Group (IG) claimed responsibility for the incident. Iraq Unidentified gunmen fired on a European Relief Organization vehicle and wounded two local guards near Irbil. 9-13 March United Kingdom The Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) fired mortars at London's Heathrow International Airport in three separate attacks. There were no injuries because the fully primed mortars failed to detonate. 13 March Lebanon A grenade detonated on the British Embassy compound, causing minor damage and no injuries. No arrests or claims of responsibility were reported. 24 March Turkey The Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) is believed responsible for bombing the Central Bazaar in Istanbul's historic tourist district. Four tourists, including two Romanian women, were injured by the blast. 27 March Turkey A bomb detonated in the gardens of the Saint Sophia Mosque and Museum in Istanbul, injuring three tourists: one German, one Spanish, and one Dutch. The Metropole Revenge Team of the political wing of the PKK claimed responsibility. 29 March Iraq Six assailants fired on a United Nations guard contingency bus traveling from Irbil to Mosul and seriously wounded two Austrian guards. 1 April Colombia Six members of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) kidnapped US citizen Raymond Rising, Security Chief of the Summer Linguistic Institution, as he rode his motorcycle from the Municipal Capital of Puerto Lleras. 2 April Turkey The Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) claimed responsibility for bombing the IC Bedesten, the old bazaar at the center of the bazaar complex, in Istanbul. Two foreign tourists, one Spanish and one Belgian, were killed, and 17 others were injured. 3 April Iraq Assailants fired on a German journalist and her bodyguard while they were traveling in their car near Suleymaniyah. Both occupants of the vehicle were killed instantly. 8 April Sri Lanka A small bomb exploded inside a bathroom at the Marriott Hotel in Colombo, causing minor damages and no casualties. 11 April Greece The 17 November terrorist group claimed responsibility for planting rockets aimed at a British aircraft carrier, the Arc Royal. The rockets were defused by explosives experts. 13 April Lebanon Five individuals, including two Iraqi diplomats, were arrested for assassinating Iraqi opposition figure Shaykh Talib Ali al-Suhayl in his house near West Beirut. 27 April South Africa A car bomb exploded at Jan Smuts Airport in Johannesburg, injuring 16 persons, including two Russian diplomats and a Swiss Air pilot. Although no group has claimed responsibility, white separatists opposed to South Africa's first multiracial election are believed responsible. 8 May Algeria Two French priests were shot and killed by two male assailants in the lower Casbah district of Algiers. In its weekly publication, the Armed Islamic Group (GIA) claimed responsibility. 17 May Greece A time-detonated rocket was fired at an IBM office in downtown Athens. The 17 November terrorist group claimed responsibility in a warning call to a radio station. 29 May Iraq At least two unknown assailants shot and killed an Iranian dissident, Seyeed Ahmad Sadr Lahijani, as he drove his car through Ghalebieh. 17 June Uganda A driver for the Catholic Relief Services was badly beaten by Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) rebels who ambushed the truck he was driving. 21-22 June Turkey In the coastal towns of Fethiye and Marmaris, bombs killed one foreign national and injured 10 others at tourist sites. The PKK claimed responsibility for the attacks on German television. 22 June Turkey Two bombs detonated within minutes of each other at a beach and park in the resort town of Marmaris, wounding 12 persons, including four British nationals, one of whom died five days later. 24 June Greece The Revolutionary People's Struggle (ELA/1 May) claimed responsibility for a bombing outside the offices of the European Community in downtown Athens. There were no injuries reported. 4 July Greece A senior Turkish diplomat in Athens, Omer Sipahioglu, was killed by three gunmen as he sat in his car. "November 17öTheofilos Georgiadis Commandos" claimed responsibility for the attack. 11 July Greece A bomb detonated in a Lindos restaurant on the Island of Rhodes, seriously injuring an Italian tourist and a Greek citizen. 18 July Argentina A car bomb exploded at the Israeli-Argentine Mutual Association (AMIA), killing nearly 100 persons and wounding more than 200 others. The explosion caused the seven-story building to collapse and damaged adjacent buildings. 19 July Panama A commuter plane exploded in flight over the Santa Rita mountains. Among the 21 victims were Israeli nationals, dual Israeli-Panamanian citizens, three US citizens, and 12 Jewish persons. 23 July West Bank Two unknown Palestinians stabbed and seriously injured a US woman in the Arab quarter of the Old City of Jerusalem. The assailants escaped unharmed. 26 July Cambodia The Khmer Rouge attacked a train traveling in Kompong Trach and kidnapped a number of passengers, among them an Australian, a Briton, and a Frenchman. United Kingdom A car bomb exploded at the Israeli Embassy in London, injuring 14 persons. Police said the bomb was planted by a woman who was driving an Audi. 27 July United Kingdom A car bomb detonated outside a building that houses Jewish organizations in London. Five persons were injured in the attack. 3 August Algeria Five French Embassy employees were killed and one injured when guerrillas from the Armed Islamic Group (AIG) attacked a French residential compound in Algiers. 8 August Turkey The PKK kidnapped two Finnish nationals, stating that they did not have "entry visas for Kurdistan." The Finns were held for 22 days before being released unharmed. 12 August Turkey A bomb detonated in the Topkapi Bus Terminal, killing one Romanian consular official and wounding seven other people. The PKK is suspected. 18 August Chile A bomb exploded at a Santiago office building that houses the American company Fluor Daniel. The Manuel Rodriguez Patriotic Front (FPMR) claimed responsibility and stated that the incident was carried out in solidarity with Cuba and against the US economic blockade of the island. 26 August Angola A Portuguese priest and four nuns were kidnapped by suspected National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) rebels near Choba. 27 August Philippines Seven South Korean engineers and 30 Filipino workers were taken captive by the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF). 23 September Colombia Twelve terrorists from the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) kidnapped US citizen Thomas Hargrove when he stopped at a guerrilla roadblock. 27 September Egypt Three persons were killed and two were wounded when an assailant fired on a downtown tourist area in Hurghada. Two Egyptians and one German were killed in the attack. The Islamic Group claimed responsibility for the attack. 9 October Israel Two Arabs armed with assault rifles and grenades attacked pedestrians in Jerusalem. The gunmen killed two persons and injured 14 others. Two US citizens were among the injured. HAMAS has claimed responsibility for the incident. 18 October Algeria Approximately 30 members of the Armed Islamic Group (AIG) attacked an oil base, killing a French and an Italian worker. 23 October Egypt Assailants shot and killed a British tourist and wounded three others in an attack on a bus near Luxor. The Islamic Group is believed responsible for the attack. 11 December Philippines The Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) claimed responsibility for an explosion aboard a Philippine airliner. One Japanese citizen was killed, and at least 10 others were injured. 12 December Turkey The Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) is believed responsible for a bomb blast outside a store in Istanbul, which injured eight persons, including four Romanian tourists. 24 December Algeria Members of the Armed Islamic Group (AIG) hijacked an Air France flight in Algeria. The plane arrived in Marseille, France, on 26 December. A French antiterrorist unit stormed the plane, ending the 54-hour siege in which three hostages were killed by the terrorists. All four terrorists were killed during the rescue. 25 December Israel An American was among 12 persons injured when a HAMAS supporter carrying a bag of explosives blew himself up at a West Jerusalem bus stop. 27 December Algeria The Armed Islamic Group (AIG) claimed responsibility for the murders of four Catholic priests. The murders were apparently in retaliation for the deaths of four GIA hijackers the previous day in Marseille. Appendix B Background Information on Major Groups Discussed in the Report Abu Nidal organization (ANO) a.k.a.: Fatah Revolutionary Council, Arab Revolutionary Council, Arab Revolutionary Brigades, Black September, Revolutionary Organization of Socialist Muslims Description International terrorist organization led by Sabri al-Banna. Split from PLO in 1974. Made up of various functional committees, including political, military, and financial. Activities Has carried out over 90 terrorist attacks since 1974 in 20 countries, killing or injuring almost 900 people. Targets include the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Israel, moderate Palestinians, the PLO, and various Arab countries, depending on which state is sponsoring it at the time. Major attacks include Rome and Vienna airports in December 1985, the Neve Shalom synagogue in Istanbul, the Pan Am Flight 73 hijacking in Karachi in September 1986, and the City of Poros day- excursion ship attack in July 1988 in Greece. Suspected of carrying out assassination on 14 January 1991 in Tunis of PLO deputy chief Abu Iyad and PLO security chief Abu Hul. ANO members assassinated a Jordanian diplomat in Lebanon in January 1994. Strength Several hundred plus ``militia'' in Lebanon and overseas support structure. Location/Area of Operation Headquartered in Iraq (1974-83) and Syria (1983-87); currently headquartered in Libya with substantial presence in Lebanon (in the Bekaa Valley and several Palestinian refugee camps in coastal areas of Lebanon). Also has a presence in Sudan. Has demonstrated ability to operate over wide area, including the Middle East, Asia, and Europe. External Aid Has received considerable support, including safehaven, training, logistic assistance, and financial aid from Iraq and Syria (until 1987); continues to receive aid from Libya, in addition to close support for selected operations. Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) Description Islamic extremist group operating in the southern Philippines led by Abdurajik Abubakar Janjalani. Split from the Moro National Liberation Front in 1991. Activities The organization uses bombs, assassinations, kidnappings for ransom, and extortion payments from companies and businessmen in its efforts to promote an Iranian-style Islamic state in Mindanao, an island in the southern Philippines heavily populated by Muslims. The ASG is suspected of mounting more than 60 terrorist attacks. Recent attacks have been mounted in opposition to ongoing peace negotiations between Manila and other Islamic groups. Strength About 200 members, mostly younger Muslims, many of whom have studied or worked in the Gulf states, where they were exposed to radical Islamist ideology. Location/Area of Operation The ASG operates almost exclusively on Mindanao Island, although it bombed a light railway in Manila in 1993. A person purporting to be an ASG member claimed responsibility for the midair bombing of a Philippines Airlines jumbo jet flying from Manila to Tokyo in December 1994. External Aid Probably has ties to Islamic extremists in the Middle East. Al-Fatah a.k.a.: Al-'Asifa Description Headed by Yasser Arafat, Fatah joined the PLO in 1968 and won the leadership role in 1969. Its commanders were expelled from Jordan following violent confrontations with Jordanian forces during the period 1970-71, beginning with Black September in 1970. The Israeli invasion of Lebanon in 1982 led to the group's dispersal to several Middle Eastern countries, including Tunisia, Yemen, Algeria, Iraq, and others. Maintains several military and intelligence wings that have carried out terrorist attacks, including Force 17 and the Western Sector. Two of its leaders, Abu Jihad and Abu Iyad, were assassinated in recent years. Activities In the 1960s and the 1970s, Fatah offered training to a wide range of European, Middle Eastern, Asian, and African terrorist and insurgent groups. Carried out numerous acts of international terrorism in Western Europe and the Middle East in the early-to- middle 1970s. Arafat signed the Declaration of Principles (DOP) with Israel in 1993 and renounced terrorism and violence. There has been no authorized terrorist operation since that time. Strength 6,000 to 8,000. Location/Area of Operation Headquartered in Tunisia, with bases in Lebanon and other Middle East countries. External Aid Has had close political and financial ties to Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and other moderate Gulf states. These relations were disrupted by the Gulf crisis of 1990-91. Also had links to Jordan. Received weapons, explosives, and training from the former USSR and the former Communist regimes of East European states. China and North Korea have reportedly provided some weapons. Armed Islamic Group (AIG) a.k.a. GIA Description An Islamic extremist group, the AIG aims to overthrow the secular Algerian regime and replace it with an Islamic state. The AIG began its violent activities following the ouster of President Bendjedid in early 1992 and the cancellation of elections, which the Islamic Salvation Front was leading. Activities Frequent attacks against regime targets÷particularly security personnel and government officials÷civilians, journalists, teachers, and foreign residents. Since announcing its terrorist campaign against foreigners living in Algeria in September 1993, the AIG has killed almost 90 expatriate men and women÷mostly Euro-peans÷in the country. The AIG uses assassinations and bombings, including car bombs, and it is known to favor kidnapping victims and slitting their throats. In December 1994, four AIG terrorists hijacked an Air France flight in Algiers and killed three passengers before flying to Marseille, France, where French police stormed the plane, killing the hijackers. Since 1992, between 10,000 and 35,000 people have died in Algerian violence. Strength Unknown, probably several hundred to several thousand. Location Algeria. External Aid Algerian expatriates, many of whom reside in Western Europe, provide some financial and logistic support. In addition, the Algerian Government has accused Iran and Sudan of supporting Algerian extremists and severed diplomatic relations with Iran in March 1993. Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia (ASALA) a.k.a.: The Orly Group, 3rd October Organization Description Marxist-Leninist Armenian terrorist group formed in 1975 with stated intention to compel the Turkish Government to acknowledge publicly its alleged responsibility for the deaths of 1.5 million Armenians in 1915, pay reparations, and cede territory for an Armenian homeland. Led by Hagop Hagopian until he was assassinated in Athens in April 1988. Activities Initial bombing and assassination attacks directed against Turkish targets. Later attacked French and Swiss targets to force release of imprisoned comrades. Made several minor bombing attacks against US airline offices in Western Europe in early 1980s. Bombing of Turkish airline counter at Orly International Airport in Paris in 1983, in which eight persons were killed and 55 were wounded, led to split in group over rationale for causing indiscriminate casualties. Suffering from internal schisms, the group has been relatively inactive. Strength A few hundred members and sympathizers. Location/Area of Operation Lebanon, Western Europe, Armenia, the United States, and the Middle East. External Aid Has received aid, including training and safehaven, from Syria. May also receive some aid from Libya. Has extensive ties to radical Palestinian groups, including the PFLP and PFLP-GC. Basque Fatherland and Liberty (ETA) Description Founded in 1959 with the aim of creating an independent homeland in Spain's Basque region. Has muted commitment to Marxism. Activities Chiefly bombings and assassinations of Spanish Government targets, especially security forces. Since arrest of ETA members in France in March 1992, ETA also has attacked French interests. Finances activities through kidnappings, robberies, and extortion. Strength Unknown; may have hundreds of members, plus supporters. Location/Area of Operation Operates primarily in the Basque autonomous regions of northern Spain and southwestern France but also has bombed Spanish interests in Italy and Germany and French interests in Italy. External Aid Has received training at various times in Libya, Lebanon, and Nicaragua. Also appears to have close ties to PIRA. Chukaku-Ha (Nucleus or Middle Core Faction) Description An ultraleftist/radical group with origins in the fragmentation of the Japanese Communist Party in 1957. Largest domestic militant group; has political arm plus small, covert action wing called Kansai Revolutionary Army. Funding derived from membership dues, sales of its newspapers, and fundraising campaigns. Activities Participates in mass street demonstrations and commits sporadic attacks using crude rockets and incendiary devices usually designed to cause property damage rather than casualties. Protests Japan's imperial system, Western ``imperialism,'' and events like the Gulf war and the expansion of Tokyo's Narita airport. Launched four rockets at the US Army base at Camp Zama, near Tokyo, at the start of the G-7 Summit in July 1993. Strength 3,500. Location/Area of Operation Japan. External Aid None known. CNPZ (see Nestor Paz Zamora Commission under National Liberation Army [ELN]-Bolivia) Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP) Description Marxist group that split from the PFLP in 1969. Believes Palestinian national goals can be achieved only through revolution of the masses. Opposes the Declaration of Principles (DOP) signed in 1993. In early 1980s, occupied political stance midway between Arafat and the rejectionists. Split into two factions in 1991, one pro-Arafat and another more hardline faction headed by Nayif Hawatmah (which has suspended participation in the PLO). Activities In the 1970s, carried out numerous small bombings and minor assaults and some more spectacular operations in Israel and the occupied territories, concentrating on Israeli targets such as the 1974 massacre in Ma'alot in which 27 Israelis were killed and more than 100 wounded. Involved only in border raids since 1988. Strength Estimated at 500 (total for both factions). Location/Area of Operation Syria, Lebanon, and the Israeli occupied territories; attacks have taken place entirely in Israel and the occupied territories. External Aid Receives financial and military aid from Syria and Libya. Devrimci Sol (Revolutionary Left) a.k.a.: Dev Sol Description Formed in 1978 as a splinter faction of the Turkish People's Liberation Party/Front. Espouses a Marxist ideology, intensely xenophobic, and virulently anti-US and anti-NATO; seeks to unify the proletariat to stage a national revolution. Finances its activities chiefly through armed robberies and extortion. Activities Since the late 1980s, has concentrated attacks against current and retired Turkish security and military officials. Began new campaign against foreign interests in 1990. Protesting Gulf war, claimed assassination of two US military contractors and attempted assassination of a US Air Force officer. Launched rockets at US Consulate in Istanbul in April and July 1992. Recent terrorist activities have been less ambitious as Dev Sol works to recover from internal factionalism and police raids that netted several operatives and large weapons caches. Strength Several hundred members, several dozen armed militants. Location/Area of Operation Carries out attacks in Turkey, primarily in Istanbul, Ankara, Izmir, and Adana. Conducts fundraising operations in Western Europe. External Aid Possible training support from radical Palestinians. ELN (see National Liberation Army). ETA (see Basque Fatherland and Liberty) FARC (see Revolutionary Army Forces of Colombia) Fatah (see Al-Fatah) 15 May Organization Description Formed in 1979 from remnants of Wadi Haddad's Popular Front for the Liberation of PalestineöSpecial Operations Group (PFLP-SOG). Led by Muhammad al-Umari, who is known throughout Palestinian circles as Abu Ibrahim or the bomb man. Group was never part of PLO. Reportedly disbanded in the mid-1980s when several key members joined Colonel Hawari's Special Operations Group of Fatah. Activities Claimed responsibility for several bombings in the early-to-middle 1980s, including hotel bombing in London (1980), El Al's Rome and Istanbul offices (1981), and Israeli Embassies in Athens and Vienna (1981). Anti-US attacks include an attempted bombing of a Pan Am airliner in Rio de Janeiro and a bombing on board a Pan Am flight from Tokyo to Honolulu in August 1982. Strength 50 to 60 in early 1980s. Location/Area of Operation Baghdad until 1984. Before disbanding, operated in Middle East, Europe, and East Asia. Abu Ibrahim is reportedly in Iraq. External Aid Probably received logistic and financial support from Iraq until 1984. Force 17 Description Formed in early 1970s as a personal security force for Arafat and other PLO leaders. Activities According to press sources, in 1985 expanded operations to include terrorist attacks against Israeli targets. No confirmed terrorist activity outside Israel and the occupied territories since September 1985, when it claimed responsibility for killing three Israelis in Cyprus, an incident that was followed by Israeli air raids on PLO bases in Tunisia. Strength Unknown. Location/Area of Operation Based in Beirut before 1982. Since then, dispersed in several Arab countries. Now operating in Lebanon, other Middle East countries, and Europe. External Aid PLO is main source of support. FPM (see Morazanist Patriotic Front) FPMR (see Manuel Rodriguez Patriotic Front) Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya(a.k.a.: The Islamic Group) Description An indigenous Egyptian Islamic extremist group active since the late 1970s; appears to be loosely organized with no single readily identifiable operational leader. Shaykh Umar abd al-Rahman is the preeminent spiritual leader. Goal is to overthrow the government of President Hosni Mubarak and replace it with an Islamic state. Activities Armed attacks against Egyptian security and other officials, Coptic Christians, Western tourists, and Egyptian opponents of Islamic extremism. It assassinated the speaker of the Egyptian assembly in October 1990 and launched a series of attacks on tourists in Egypt in 1992. The group wounded the Egyptian Information Minister in an assassination attempt in April 1993. Strength Not known, but probably several thousand hardcore members and another several thousand sympathizers. Location/Area of Operation Operates mainly in the Al Minya, Asyut, and Qina Governorates of southern Egypt. It also appears to have support in Cairo, Alexandria, and other urban locations, particularly among unemployed graduates and students. External Aid Not known. Egyptian Government believes that Iran, Sudan, and Afghan militant Islamic groups support the group. HAMAS (Islamic Resistance Movement) Description HAMAS was formed in late 1987 as an outgrowth of the Palestinian branch of the Muslim Brotherhood and has become Fatah's principal political rival in the occupied territories. Various elements of HAMAS have used both political and violent means, including terrorism, to pursue the goal of establishing an Islamic Palestinian state in place of Israel. HAMAS is loosely structured, with some elements working openly through mosques and social service institutions to recruit members, raise money, organize activities, and distribute propaganda. Militant elements of HAMAS, operating clandestinely, have advocated and used violence to advance their goals. HAMAS's strength is concentrated in the Gaza Strip and a few areas of the West Bank. It has also engaged in peaceful political activity, such as running candidates in West Bank Chamber of Commerce elections. Activities HAMAS activists especially those in the Izz el-Din al-Qassam Forces have conducted many attacks against Israeli civilian and military targets, suspected Palestinian collaborators, and Fatah rivals. Strength Unknown number of hardcore members; tens of thousands of supporters and sympathizers. Location/Area of Operation Primarily the occupied territories, Israel, and Jordan. External Aid Receives funding from Palestinian expatriates, Iran, and private benefactors in Saudi Arabia and other moderate Arab states. Some fundraising and propaganda activity take place in Western Europe and North America. The Harakat-ul-Ansar (HUA) Description The Harakat-ul-Ansar (HUA)÷an Islamic militant group that seeks Kashmir's accession to Pakistan÷raised its visibility by kidnapping two British citizens in June. The HUA was formed in October 1993 when two Pakistani political activist groups, Harakat-ul-Jihad al- Islami and Harakat-ul-Mujahedin, merged. According to the leader of the alliance, Maulana Saadatullah Kahn, the group's objective is to continue the armed struggle against nonbelievers and anti-Islamic forces. Activities This group recently has carried out a number of operations against Indian troops and civilian targets in Kashmir. The HUA captured Lt. Col. Bhobandar Singh in January and demanded that Indian forces turn over an HUA commander in return for Singh's release. When Indian authorities refused, the militants killed Singh. In mid-May, HUA militants conducted two attacks in Doda district in which they stopped buses, forced the passengers off, then singled out individuals for execution÷the last victim was a 14-year-old Muslim boy. The HUA also supports Muslims in Indian-controlled Kashmir with humanitarian and military assistance. Strength The Harakat-ul-Ansar has several thousand armed members located in Azad Kashmir, Pakistan, and in the southern Kashmir Valley and the Doda regions of India. The HUA uses light and heavy machineguns, assault rifles, mortars, explosives, and rockets. Membership is open to all who support the HUA's objectives and are willing to take the group's 40-day training course. It has a core militant group of about 300, mostly Pakistanis and Kashmiris, but includes Afghans and Arab veterans of the Afghan war. Location/Area of Operation The HUA is based in Muzaffarabad, Pakistan, but HUA members have participated in insurgent and terrorist operations in Kashmir, Burma, Tajikistan, and Bosnia. The HUA is based in Muzaffarabad, Pakistan, and is actively involved in supporting Muslims in Indian- controlled Kashmir with humanitarian and military assistance. The HUA's Burma branch, located in the Arakans, trains local Muslims in weapons handling and guerrilla warfare. In Tajikistan, HUA members have served with and trained Tajik resistance elements. The first group of Harakat militants entered Bosnia in 1992. External Aid The HUA collects donations from Saudi Arabia and other Gulf and Islamic states to purchase relief supplies, which it distributes to Muslims in Tajikistan, Kashmir, and Burma. The source and amount of HUA's military funding are unknown but is believed to come from sympathetic Arab countries and wealthy Pakistanis and Kashmiris. Hizballah (Party of God) a.k.a.: Islamic Jihad, Revolutionary Justice Organization, Organization of the Oppressed on Earth, Islamic Jihad for the Liberation of Palestine Description Radical Shia group formed in Lebanon; dedicated to creation of Iranian- style Islamic republic in Lebanon and removal of all non-Islamic influences from area. Strongly anti-West and anti-Israel. Closely allied with, and often directed by, Iran but may have conducted rogue operations that were not approved by Tehran. Activities Known or suspected to have been involved in numerous anti-US terrorist attacks, including the suicide truck-bombing of the US Embassy and US Marine barracks in Beirut in October 1983 and the US Embassy annex in Beirut in September 1984. Group also hijacked TWA Flight 847 in 1985. Elements of the group were responsible for the kidnapping and detention of most, if not all, US and other Western hostages in Lebanon. Islamic Jihad publicly claimed responsibility for the car-bombing of Israel's Embassy in Buenos Aires in March 1992. Strength Several thousand. Location/Area of Operation Operates in the Bekaa Valley, the southern suburbs of Beirut, and southern Lebanon; has established cells in Europe, Africa, South America, North America, and elsewhere. External Aid Receives substantial amounts of financial, training, weapons, explosives, political, diplomatic, and organizational aid from Iran. Jamaat ul-Fuqra Description Jamaat ul-Fuqra is an Islamic sect that seeks to purify Islam through violence. Fuqra is led by Pakistani cleric Shaykh Mubarik Ali Gilani, who established the organization in the early 1980s. Gilani now resides in Pakistan, but most Fuqra cells are located in North America. Fuqra members have purchased isolated rural compounds in North America to live communally, practice their faith, and insulate themselves from Western culture. Activities Fuqra members have attacked a variety of targets they view as enemies of Islam, including Muslims they regard as heretics, and Hindus. Several Fuqra members were convicted in a Canadian court in late 1993 of conspiracy to commit murder÷a charge related to their plans to bomb a Hindu temple and a Hindu-owned cinema in Toronto÷and Fuqra members in the United States have also been convicted of criminal violations, including murder and fraud. Attacks during the 1980s included assassinations and firebombings across the United States. Strength Unknown. Location/Area of Operation North America, Pakistan. External Aid None. Japanese Red Army (JRA) a.k.a.: Anti-Imperialist International Brigade (AIIB) Description An international terrorist group formed around 1970 after breaking away from Japanese Communist League Red Army Faction. Now led by Fusako Shigenobu, believed to be in Syrian-garrisoned area of Lebanon's Bekaa Valley. Stated goals are to overthrow Japanese Government and monarchy and to help foment world revolution. Organization unclear but may control or at least have ties to Anti- Imperialist International Brigade (AIIB); may also have links to Antiwar Democratic Front÷an overt leftist political organization÷inside Japan. Details released following November 1987 arrest of leader Osamu Maruoka indicate that JRA may be organizing cells in Asian cities, such as Manila and Singapore. Has had close and longstanding relations with Palestinian terrorist groups÷based and operating outside Japan÷since its inception. Activities Before 1977, JRA carried out a series of brutal attacks over a wide geographical area, including the massacre of passengers at Lod airport in Israel (1972) and two Japanese airliner hijackings (1973 and 1977). Anti-US attacks include attempted takeover of US Embassy in Kuala Lumpur (1975). Since mid-1960s, has carried out several crude rocket and mortar attacks against a number of US embassies. In April 1988, JRA operative Yu Kikumura was arrested with explosives on the New Jersey Turnpike, apparently planning an attack to coincide with the bombing of a USO club in Naples and a suspected JRA operation that killed five, including a US servicewoman. He was convicted of these charges and is serving a lengthy prison sentence in the United States. Strength About 30 hardcore members; undetermined number of sympathizers. Location/Area of Operation Based in Syrian-controlled areas of Lebanon; often transits Damascus. External Aid Receives aid, including training and base camp facilities, from radical Palestinian terrorists, especially the PFLP. May also receive aid from Libya. Suspected of having sympathizers and support apparatus in Japan. Jihad Group a.k.a.: al-Jihad, Islamic Jihad, New Jihad Group, Vanguards of Conquest, Talaa'al al-Fateh Description An Egyptian Islamic extremist group active since the late 1970s; appears to be divided into at least two separate factions: remnants of the original Jihad led by Abbud al-Zumar, currently imprisoned in Egypt, and a new faction calling itself Vanguards of Conquest (Talaa'al al-Fateh or the New Jihad Group), which appears to be led by Dr. Ayman al-Zawahiri, who is currently outside Egypt, specific whereabouts unknown. In addition to the Islamic Group, the Jihad factions regard Sheikh Omar Abdel Rahman as their spiritual leader. The goal of all Jihad factions is to overthrow the government of President Hosni Mubarak and replace it with an Islamic state. Activities The Jihad groups specialize in armed attacks against high-level Egyptian Government officials. The original Jihad was responsible for the 1981 assassination of President Sadat. More recently, the newer Jihad group led by Zawahiri claimed responsibility for the 18 August 1993 bomb attack in Cairo, which wounded Egyptian Interior Minister Hassan al-Alfi and killed five others, and the 25 November 1993 car-bomb attack in Cairo on Prime Minister Sedky; although Sedky was unharmed, a teenage girl was killed and 18 others were injured. Unlike the Islamic Group÷ which mainly targets mid- and lower-level security personnel, Coptic Christians, and Western tourists÷the Jihad group appears to concentrate primarily on high-level, high-profile Egyptian Government officials, including cabinet ministers. It also seems more technically sophisticated in its attacks than the al-Gama'a al- Islamiyya÷notably in its use of car bombs. Strength Not known, but probably several thousand hardcore members and another several thousand sympathizers among the various factions. Location/Area of Operation Operates mainly in the Cairo area. Also appears to have members outside Egypt, probably in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Sudan. External Aid Not known. The Egyptian Government claims that Iran, Sudan, and militant Islamic groups in Afghanistan support the Jihad factions. Kach and Kahane Chai Description Stated goal of restoring the biblical state of Israel. Kach (founded by radical Israeli-American rabbi Meir Kahane) and its offshoot Kahane Chai, which means "Kahane Lives," (founded by Meir Kahane's son Binyamin following his father's assassination in the United States) were declared to be terrorist organizations on 13 March 1994 by the Israeli Cabinet under the 1948 Terrorism Law. This followed the groups' statements in support of Dr. Baruch Goldstein's 25 February attack on the al-Ibrahimi Mosque÷Goldstein was affiliated with Kach÷and their verbal attacks on the Israeli Government. Activities Organize protests against the Israeli Government. Harass and threaten Palestinians in Hebron and the West Bank. Groups have threatened to attack Arabs, Palestinians, and Israeli Government officials. They also claimed responsibility for several shooting attacks on West Bank Palestinians in which four persons were killed and two wounded in 1993. Strength Unknown. Location/Area of Operation Israel and West Bank settlements, particularly Qiryat Arba in Hebron. External Aid Receives support from Jewish people in the United States and Europe. Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) a.k.a.: Kurdistan Workers' Party Description Marxist-Leninist insurgent group composed of Turkish Kurds established in 1974. In recent years has moved beyond rural-based insurgent activities to include urban terrorism. Seeks to set up an independent Marxist state in southeastern Turkey, where there is a predominantly Kurdish population. Activities Primary targets are Turkish Government forces and civilians in eastern Turkey but becoming increasingly active in Western Europe against Turkish targets. Conducted coordinated attacks on Turkish diplomatic and commercial facilities in dozens of West European cities on 24 June and 4 November. In May 1993, began a campaign against Turkish tourism industry and kidnapped 19 Western tourists traveling in eastern Turkey in summer 1993; released all unharmed. Also has bombed tourist sites and hotels. Strength Approximately 10,000 to 15,000 full-time guerrillas, 5,000 to 6,000 of whom are in Turkey; 60,000 to 75,000 part-time guerrillas; and hundreds of thousands of sympathizers in Turkey and Europe. Location/Area of Operation Operates in Turkey and Western Europe. External Aid Receives safehaven and modest aid from Syria, Iraq, and Iran. Lautaro Youth Movement (MJL) a.k.a.: The Lautaro faction of the United Popular Action Movement (MAPU/L) or Lautaro Popular Rebel Forces (FRPL) Description Violent, anti-US extremist group that advocates the overthrow of the Chilean Government. Leadership largely from leftist elements but includes criminals and alienated youths. Became active in late 1980s, but has been seriously weakened by government counterterrorist successes in recent years. Activities Has been linked to assassinations of policemen, bank robberies, and attacks on Mormon churches. Strength Unknown. Location/Area of Operation Chile; mainly Santiago. External Aid None. The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) Other known front organizations: World Tamil Association (WTA), World Tamil Movement (WTM), the Federation of Associations of Canadian Tamils (FACT), the Ellalan Force Description Founded in 1976, the LTTE is the most powerful Tamil group in Sri Lanka and uses overt and illegal methods to raise funds, acquire weapons, and publicize its cause of establishing an independent Tamil state. The LTTE began its armed conflict with the Sri Lankan Government in 1983 and relies on a guerrilla strategy that includes the use of terrorist tactics. Activities The Tigers have integrated a battlefield insurgent strategy with a terrorist program that targets not only key personnel in the countryside but also senior Sri Lankan political and military leaders in Colombo. Political assassinations have become commonplace and culminated in May 1993 with the fatal bombing of President Rana- singhe Premadasa. In April 1994, the Ellalan Force claimed credit for setting off three bombs at major tourist hotels in Colombo. Strength Approximately 10,000 armed combatants in Sri Lanka; about 3,000 to 6,000 form a trained cadre of fighters. The LTTE also has a significant overseas support structure for fundraising, weapons procurement, and propaganda activities. Location/Area of Operation The Tigers control most of the northern and eastern coastal areas of Sri Lanka but have conducted operations throughout the island. Headquartered in the Jaffna peninsula, LTTE leader Velupillai Prabhakaran has established an extensive network of checkpoints and informants to keep track of any ``outsiders'' who enter the group's area of control. The LTTE prefers to attack vulnerable government facilities, then withdraw before reinforcements arrive. External Aid The LTTE's overt organizations support Tamil separatism by lobbying foreign governments and the United Nations. The LTTE also uses its international contacts to procure weapons, communications, and bomb- making equipment. The LTTE exploits large Tamil communities in North America, Europe, and Asia to obtain funds and supplies for its fighters in Sri Lanka. Information obtained since the mid-1980s indicates that some Tamil communities in Europe are also involved in narcotics smuggling. Tamils historically have served as drug couriers moving narcotics into Europe. Manuel Rodriguez Patriotic Front (FPMR) Description Original FPMR was founded in 1983 as armed wing of Chilean Communist Party and named for hero of Chile's war of independence against Spain. Group splintered into two factions in late 1980s, one of which became a political party in 1991. The dissident wing FPMR/D is one of Chile's most active terrorist groups. Activities The dissident wing (FPMR/D) frequently attacks civilians and international targets, including US businesses and Mormon churches. In 1993, FPMR/D bombed two McDonalds restaurants and attempted to bomb a Kentucky Fried Chicken restaurant. Successful government counterterrorist operations have significantly undercut organization. Strength Now believed to have fewer than 500 members. Location/Area of Operation Chile. External Aid None. Mujahedin-e Khalq Organization (MEK or MKO) a.k.a.: The National Liberation Army of Iran (NLA, the militant wing of the MEK), the People's Mujahedin of Iran (PMOI), National Council of Resistance (NCR), Muslim Iranian Student's Society (front organization used to garner financial support) Description Formed in the 1960s by the college-educated children of Iranian merchants, the MEK sought to counter what is perceived as excessive Western influence in the Shah's regime. In the 1970s, the MEK÷led by Masud Rajavi after 1978÷concluded that violence was the only way to bring about change in Iran. Since then, the MEK÷following a philosophy that mixes Marxism and Islam÷has developed into the largest and most active armed Iranian dissident group. Its history is studded with anti- Western activity, and, most recently, attacks on the interests of the clerical regime in Iran and abroad. Activities The MEK directs a worldwide campaign against the Iranian Government that stresses propaganda and occasionally uses terrorist violence. During the 1970s, the MEK staged terrorist attacks inside Iran to destabilize and embarrass the Shah's regime; the group killed several US military personnel and civilians working on defense projects in Tehran. In 1979 the group supported the takeover of the US Embassy in Tehran. In April 1992, the MEK carried out nearly simultaneous attacks on Iranian embassies in 13 different countries in North America, Europe, and the Pacific Rim. The attacks caused extensive property damage and demonstrated the group's ability to mount large-scale operations overseas. Iran's belief that the MEK was responsible for the bombing of the Mashhad Shrine and subsequent attacks against Iranian oil facilities led Tehran in November 1994 to launch attacks against an MEK base. Strength Several thousand fighters based in Iraq with an extensive overseas support structure. Most of the fighters are organized in the MEK's National Liberation Army (NLA). Location/Area of Operation In the 1980s, the MEK's leaders were forced by Iranian security forces to flee to France. Most resettled in Iraq by 1987. Since the mid-1980s, the MEK has not mounted terrorists operations in Iran at a level similar to its activities in the 1970s. Aside from the National Liberation Army's attacks into Iran toward the end of the Iran-Iraq war, and occasional NLA cross-border incursions since, the MEK's attacks on Iran have amounted to little more than harassment. The MEK has had more success in confronting Iranian representatives overseas through propaganda and street demonstrations. External Aid Beyond support from Iraq, the MEK uses front organizations to solicit contributions from expatriate Iranian communities. MJL (see Lautaro Youth Movement) Morazanist Patriotic Front (FPM) Description A radical, leftist terrorist group that first appeared in the late 1980s. Attacks made to protest US intervention in Honduran economic and political affairs. Activities Attacks on US, mainly military, personnel in Honduras. Claimed responsibility for attack on a bus in March 1990 that wounded seven US servicemen. Claimed bombing of Peace Corps office in December 1988; bus bombing that wounded three US servicemen in February 1989; attack on US convoy in April 1989; and grenade attack that wounded seven US soldiers in La Ceiba in July 1989. Strength Unknown, probably relatively small. Location/Area of Operation Honduras. External Aid Had ties to former Government of Nicaragua and possibly Cuba. MRTA (see Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement) National Liberation Army (ELN)÷Bolivia includes Nestor Paz Zamora Commission (CNPZ) Description ELN claims to be resuscitation of group established by Che Guevara in 1960s. Includes numerous small factions of indigenous subversive groups, including CNPZ, which is largely inactive today. Activities ELN and CNPZ have attacked US interests in past years but focused almost exclusively on Bolivian domestic targets in 1993. Strength Unknown; probably fewer than 100. Location/Area of Operation Bolivia. External Aid None. National Liberation Army (ELN)÷Colombia Description Rural-based, anti-US, Maoist-Marxist-Leninist guerrilla group formed in 1963. Attempted peace talks with the government ended in May 1992. Activities Periodically kidnaps foreign employees of large corporations and holds them for large ransom payments. Conducts frequent assaults on oil infrastructure and has inflicted major damage on pipelines since 1986. Extortion and bombings against US and other foreign businesses, especially the petroleum industry. Strength Has fallen off in recent years and now estimated at only about 700 combatants. Location/Area of Operation Colombia. External Aid None. New People's Army (NPA) Description The guerrilla arm of the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP), an avowedly Maoist group formed in December 1969 with the aim of overthrowing the government through protracted guerrilla warfare. Although primarily a rural-based guerrilla group, the NPA has an active urban infrastructure to carry out terrorism; uses city-based assassination squads called sparrow units. Derives most of its funding from contributions of supporters and so-called revolutionary taxes extorted from local businesses. Activities The NPA is in disarray because of a split in the CPP, a lack of money, and successful government operations. With the US military gone from the country, NPA has engaged in urban terrorism against the police, corrupt politicians, drug traffickers, and other targets that evoked popular anger. Has vowed to kill US citizens involved in counterinsurgency campaign. Has assassinated 10 US military and private citizens since 1987. Has also attacked US businesses in rural areas that refused to pay so-called revolutionary taxes. Strength 16,000, plus support groups. Location/Area of Operation Philippines. External Aid Receives funding from overseas fundraisers in Western Europe and elsewhere; also linked to Libya. Diverts some funding of humanitarian aid. Palestine Liberation Front (PLF) Description Terrorist group that broke away from the PFLP-GC in mid-1970s. Later split again into pro-PLO, pro-Syrian, and pro-Libyan factions. Pro- PLO faction led by Muhammad Abbas (Abu Abbas), who became member of PLO Executive Committee in 1984 but left it in 1991. Activities The Abu Abbasöled faction carried out abortive seaborne attack staged from Libya against Israel on 30 May 1990. Abbas's group was also responsible for October 1985 attack on the cruise ship Achille Lauro and the murder of US citizen Leon Klinghoffer. A warrant for Abu Abbas's arrest is outstanding in Italy. Others involved in the hijacking are wanted elsewhere. Openly supported Iraq during Gulf war. Strength At least 50. Location/Area of Operation PLO faction based in Tunisia until Achille Lauro attack. Now based in Iraq. External Aid Receives logistic and military support mainly from PLO, but also from Libya and Iraq. Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) On 9 September 1993, in letters to Israeli Prime Minister Rabin and Norwegian Foreign Minister Holst, PLO Chairman Arafat committed the PLO to cease all violence and terrorism. On 13 September 1993, the Declaration of Principles between the Israelis and Palestinians was signed in Washington, DC. Between 9 September and 31 December, the PLO factions loyal to Arafat complied with this commitment except for one, perhaps two, instances in which the responsible individuals apparently acted independently. Two groups under the PLO umbrella, the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) and the Democratic Front for the Liberation of PalestineöHawatmeh faction (DFLP-H), suspended their participation in the PLO in protest of the agreement and continued their campaign of violence. The US Government continues to monitor closely PLO compliance with its commitment to abandon terrorism and violence. Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) Description The PIJ originated among militant Palestinian fundamentalists in the Gaza Strip during the 1970s. The PIJ is a series of loosely affiliated factions, rather than a cohesive group. The PIJ is committed to the creation of an Islamic Palestinian state and the destruction of Israel through holy war. Because of its strong support for Israel, the United States has been identified as an enemy of the PIJ. The PIJ also opposes moderate Arab governments that it believes have been tainted by Western secularism. Activities The PIJ demonstrated its terrorist credentials when it attacked a tour bus in Egypt in February 1990 and killed 11 people, including nine Israelis. The PIJ also has carried out cross-border raids against Israeli targets in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. The PIJ has threatened to attack US interests in Jordan. PIJ agents were arrested in Egypt in September 1991 while attempting to enter the country to conduct terrorism. Strength Unknown. Location/Area of Operation Primarily Israel and the occupied territories and other parts of the Middle East, including Jordan and Lebanon. The largest faction is based in Syria. External Aid Probably receives financial assistance from Iran and possibly some assistance from Syria. The Party of Democratic Kampuchea (Khmer Rouge) Description The Khmer Rouge is a Communist insurgency that is trying to destabilize the Cambodian Government. Under Pol Pot's leadership, the Khmer Rouge conducted a campaign of genocide in which more than 1million persons were killed during its four years in power in the late 1970s. Activities The Khmer Rouge now is engaged in a low-level insurgency against the Cambodian Government; although its victims are mainly Cambodian villagers, the Khmer Rouge has occasionally kidnapped and killed foreigners, including Westerners, traveling in remote rural areas. Strength The Khmer Rouge is made up of approximately 8,000 guerrillas. Location/Area of Operation The Khmer Rouge operates in outlying provinces in Cambodia, particularly in pockets along the Thailand border. External Aid The Khmer Rouge is not currently receiving external assistance. PKK (see Kurdistan Workers' Party) Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) Description Marxist-Leninist group that is a member of the PLO founded in 1967 by George Habash. After Fatah, it is the most important military and political organization in the Palestinian movement. Advocates a Pan- Arab revolution. Opposes the Declaration of Principles signed in 1993 and has suspended participation in the PLO. Activities Committed numerous international terrorist attacks between 1970 and 1977. Since the death in 1978 of Wadi Haddad, its terrorist planner, PFLP has carried out numerous attacks against Israeli or moderate Arab targets. Strength 800. Location/Area of Operation Syria, Lebanon, Israel, and the occupied territories. External Aid Receives most of its financial and military assistance from Syria and Libya. Popular Front for the Liberation of PalestineöGeneral Command (PFLP-GC) Description Split from the PFLP in 1968, claiming that it wanted to focus more on fighting and less on politics. Violently opposed to Arafat's PLO. Led by Ahmad Jabril, a former captain in the Syrian Army. Closely allied with, supported by, and probably directed by Syria. Activities Claims to have specialized in suicide operations. Has carried out numerous cross-border terrorist attacks into Israel, using unusual means, such as hot-air balloons and motorized hang gliders. Hafiz Kassem Dalkamoni, a ranking PFLP-GC official, was convicted in Germany in June 1991 for bombing US troop trains. He faces additional charges in Germany for other terrorist offenses, including manslaughter. Strength Several hundred. Location/Area of Operation Headquarters in Damascus with bases in Lebanon and cells in Europe. External Aid Receives logistic and military support from Syria, its chief sponsor. Financial support from Libya. Safehaven in Syria. Support also from Iran. Popular Front for the Liberation of PalestineöSpecial Command (PFLP-SC) Description Marxist-Leninist group formed by Abu Salim in 1979 after breaking away from the now defunct PFLPöSpecial Operations Group. Activities Has claimed responsibility for several notorious international terrorist attacks in Western Europe, including the bombing of a restaurant frequented by US servicemen in Torrejon, Spain, in April 1985. Eighteen Spanish civilians were killed in the attack. Strength 50. Location/Area of Operation Operates out of southern Lebanon, in various areas of the Middle East, and in Western Europe. External Aid Probably receives financial and military support from Syria, Libya, and Iraq. Popular Struggle Front (PSF) Description Radical Palestinian terrorist group once closely involved in the Syrian- dominated Palestinian National Salvation Front. Led by Dr. Samir Ghosheh. Rejoined the PLO in September 1991. Group is internally divided over the Declaration of Principles signed in 1993. Activities Terrorist attacks against Israeli, moderate Arab, and PLO targets. Strength Fewer than 300. Location/Area of Operation Mainly Syria and Lebanon, and elsewhere in the Middle East. External Aid Receives support from Syria and may now receive aid from the PLO. Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) a.k.a.: The Provos Description A radical terrorist group formed in 1969 as the clandestine armed wing of Sinn Fein, a legal political movement dedicated to removing British forces from Northern Ireland and unifying Ireland. Has a Marxist orientation. Organized into small, tightly knit cells under the leadership of the Army Council. Activities Bombings, assassinations, kidnappings, extortion, and robberies. Targets senior British Government officials, British military and police in Northern Ireland, and Northern Irish Loyalist paramilitary groups. PIRA's operations on mainland Britain have included truck bombings and bombing campaigns against train and subway stations and shopping areas. Strength Several hundred, plus several thousand sympathizers. Location/Area of Operation Northern Ireland, Irish Republic, Great Britain, and Western Europe. External Aid Has received aid from a variety of groups and countries and considerable training and arms from Libya and, at one time, the PLO. Also is suspected of receiving funds and arms from sympathizers in the United States. Similarities in operations suggest links to ETA. Red Army Faction (RAF) Description The small and disciplined RAF is the successor to the Baader-Meinhof Gang, which originated in the student protest movement in the 1960s. Ideology is an obscure mix of Marxism and Maoism; committed to armed struggle. Organized into hardcore cadres that carry out terrorist attacks and a network of supporters who provide logistic and propaganda support. Has survived despite numerous arrests of top leaders over the years. Activities Bombings, assassinations, kidnappings, and robberies. With decline of world Communism, has had trouble recruiting replacements for jailed members. Now concentrating on domestic targets, particularly officials involved in German or European unification and German security and justice officials. Carried out one operation in 1993, destroying a new prison with at least 400 pounds of commercial explosives. Police shootout with two members ended in death of GSG-9 officer and group member Wolfgang Grams. Group temporarily galvanized afterward. RAF has targeted US and NATO facilities in the past. During the Gulf war, RAF shot up US Embassy in Bonn with assault rifle rounds. There were no casualties. Strength 10 to 20, plus several hundred supporters. Location/Area of Operations Germany. External Aid Self-sustaining, but during Baader-Meinhof period received support from Middle Eastern terrorists. East Germany gave logistic support, sanctuary, and training during the 1980s. Red Brigades (BR) Description Formed in 1969, the Marxist-Leninist BR seeks to create a revolutionary state through armed struggle and to separate Italy from the Western Alliance. In 1984 split into two factions: the Communist Combatant Party (BR-PCC) and the Union of Combatant Communists (BR-UCC). Activities Original group concentrated on assassination and kidnapping of Italian Government and private-sector targets; it murdered former Prime Minister Aldo Moro in 1978, kidnapped US Army Brig. Gen. James Dozier in 1981, and claimed responsibility for murdering Leamon Hunt, US chief of the Sinai Multinational Force and Observer Group, in 1984. Strength Probably fewer than 50, plus an unknown number of supporters. Location/Area of Operation Based and operates in Italy. Some members probably living clandestinely in other European countries. External Aid Currently unknown; original group apparently was self-sustaining but probably received weapons from other West European terrorist groups and from the PLO. Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) Description Established in 1966 as military wing of Colombian Communist Party. Goal is to overthrow government and ruling class. Organized along military lines; includes at least one urban front. Activities Armed attacks against Colombian political and military targets. Many members have become criminals, carrying out kidnappings for profit and bank robberies. Foreign citizens often are targets of FARC kidnappings. Group traffics in drugs and has well-documented ties to narcotraffickers. Strength Approximately 4,500 to 5,500 armed combatants and an unknown number of supporters, mostly in rural areas. Location/Area of Operation Colombia. External Aid None. Revolutionary Organization 17 November (17 November) Description A radical leftist group established in 1975 and named for the November 1973 student uprising protesting the military regime. Anti- US, anti- Turkish, anti-NATO; committed to violent overthrow of the regime, ouster of US bases, removal of Turkish military presence from Cyprus, and severing of Greece's ties to NATO and the European Union (EU). Organization is obscure, possibly affiliated with other Greek terrorist groups. Activities Initial attacks were selected handgun assassinations of senior US officials, including US Embassy official Richard Welch in 1975 and US Navy Capt. George Tsantes in 1983. Began assassinating Greek officials and public figures in 1976 and added bombings, including attacks against US military buses in 1987 and assassination of US defense attache William Nordeen in 1988. Since 1990, has expanded targets to include EU facilities and foreign firms investing in Greece and added improvised rocket attacks to its methods. Such an attack against the Greek Finance Minister in 1992 killed a passer- by, 17 November's first ``civilian'' casualty. In 1991 was responsible for at least five of the 15 terrorist attacks against Coalition targets in Greece during the Gulf war, including the assassination in March of a US Army sergeant. Also attacked two Turkish Embassy officials in 1991. Strength Unknown, but presumed to be small. Location/Area of Operation Greece, primarily in Athens metropolitan area. External Aid May receive support from other Greek terrorist group cadres. Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path, SL) Description Larger of Peru's two insurgencies, SL is among the world's most ruthless guerrilla organizations. Formed in the late 1960s by then university professor Abimael Guzman. Stated goal is to destroy existing Peruvian institutions and replace them with peasant revolutionary regime. Also wants to rid Peru of foreign influences. Guzman's capture in September 1992 was a major blow, as were arrests of other SL leaders, defections, and President Fujimori's amnesty program for repentant terrorists. Activities SL engages in particularly brutal forms of terrorism, including the indiscriminate use of car bombs. Almost every institution in Peru has been a target of SL violence. Has bombed diplomatic missions of several countries represented in Peru. Carries out bombing campaigns and selective assassinations. Involved in cocaine trade. Strength Approximately 1,500 to 2,500 armed militants; larger number of supporters, mostly in rural areas. Location/Area of Operation Originally rural based, but has increasingly focused its terrorist attacks in the capital. External Aid None. 17 November (see Revolutionary Organization 17 November) Sikh Terrorism Description Sikh terrorism is sponsored by expatriate and Indian Sikh groups who want to carve out an independent Sikh state called Khalistan (Land of the Pure) from Indian territory. Sikh violence outside India, which surged following the Indian Army's 1984 assault on the Golden Temple, Sikhism's holiest shrine, has decreased significantly since mid-1992, although Sikh militant cells are active internationally and extremists gather funds from overseas Sikh communities. Active groups include Babbar Khalsa, Azad Khalistan Babbar Khalsa Force, Khalistan Liberation Front, and Khalistan Commando Force. Many of these groups operate under umbrella organizations, the most significant of which is the Second Panthic Committee. Activities Sikh attacks in India are mounted against Indian officials and facilities, other Sikhs, and Hindus; they include assassinations, bombings, and kidnappings. Sikh extremists probably bombed the Air India jet downed over the Irish Sea in June 1985, killing 329 passengers and crew. On the same day, a bomb planted by Sikhs on an Air India flight from Vancouver exploded in Tokyo's Narita Airport, killing two Japanese baggage handlers. In 1991, Sikh terrorists attempted to assassinate the Indian Ambassador in Romania once India's senior police officer in Punjab from 1986 to 1989 and kidnapped and held the Romanian Charge in New Delhi for seven weeks. In January 1993, Indian police arrested Sikhs in New Delhi as they were conspiring to detonate a bomb to disrupt India's Republic Day, and, in September 1993, Sikh militants attempted to assassinate the Sikh chief of the ruling Congress Party's youth wing with a bomb. Sikh attacks in India, ranging from kidnappings and assassinations to remote-controlled bombings, have dropped markedly since mid-1992, as Indian security forces have killed or captured a host of senior Sikh militant leaders. Total civilian deaths in Punjab have declined more than 95 percent since more than 3,300 civilians died in 1991. The drop results largely from Indian Army, paramilitary, and police successes against extremist groups. Strength Unknown. Location/Area of Operation Northern India, Western Europe, Southeast Asia, and North America. External Aid Sikh expatriates have formed a variety of international organizations that lobby for the Sikh cause overseas. Most prominent are the World Sikh Organization and the International Sikh Youth Federation. Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA) Description Traditional Marxist-Leninist revolutionary movement formed in 1983. Currently struggling to remain viable. Has suffered from defections and government counter-terrorist successes in addition to infighting and loss of leftist support. Objective remains to rid Peru of ``imperialism'' and establish Marxist regime. Activities Bombings, kidnappings, ambushes, assassinations. Previously responsible for large number of anti-US attacks; recent activity has dropped off dramatically. Strength Unknown; greatly diminished in recent years. Location/Area of Operation Peru; provided assistance in Bolivia to Bolivian ELN. External Aid None. Tupac Katari Guerrilla Army (EGTK) Description Indigenous, anti-Western Bolivian subversive organization. Activities Frequently attacks small, unprotected targets, such as power pylons, oil pipelines, and government offices. Has targeted Mormon churches with firebombings and attacked USAID motorpool in January 1993. Strength Fewer than 100. Location/Area of Operation Bolivia, primarily the Chapare region, near the Peru border, and the Altiplano. External Aid None. Appendix C Statistical Review Appendix D International Terrorist Incidents, 1994 [Editorâs Note: Appendixes C and D are not available in this electronic version of the report] Department of State Publication 10239 Office of the Secretary Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism [END OF PATTERNS OF GLOBAL TERRORISM, 1994] (###) .