Water Disinfection by Solar Radiation
Assessment and Application
A. Acra, M. Jurdi, H. Mu'allem, Y. Karahagopian, and Z. Raffoul
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Solar Radiation
Monitoring Solar Ultraviolet-A Radiation
Water Disinfection Methods
Solar Water Disinfection
Halosol Water Disinfection
References
Appendices
Appendix 1. Monthly solar UV-A intensities (mW/cm
2
) measured in Beirut on horizontal (H) and vertical (V) surfaces at noon (1985/86).
Appendix 2. Seasonal distribution for solar UV-A intensity (mW/cm
2
) as measured in Beirut on horizontal (H) and vertical (V) surfaces under prevailing sky conditions.
Appendix 3. Mean solar UV-A radiation incident on a horizontal surface measured on 3 consecutive days (7-9 October 1983) in Beirut (34° N) under clear-sky conditions.
Appendix 4. Solar UV-A intensity (mW/cm
2
) on horizontal (H) and vertical (V) surfaces measured in Beirut under hazy-sky conditions (2 June 1985).
Appendix 5. Solar UV-A intensity (W/m
2
) relative to the global radiation (
G
) incident on inclined (35°) south-facing surfaces in Beirut under overcast- (21 April 1985) and clear-sky (24 April 1985) conditions.
Appendix 6. Sample of a data sheet used for the experiments on solar disinfection of contaminated water exposed in a continuous-flow system.
Appendix 7. Summary of experimental mean values for solar inactivation of coliforms in contaminated water using solar reactor IA (reactor IB was used for experiment 24).
Appendix 8. Summary of experimental mean values for solar inactivation of
Streptococcus faecalis
in contaminated water using solar reactor IA (reactor IB was used for experiment 24).
Appendix 9. Summary of experimental mean values for solar inactivation of
Escherichia coli
in contaminated water using solar reactor IA (reactor IB was used for experiments 25 and 26).
Appendix 10. Summary of experimental mean values for solar inactivation of coliforms and
Streptococcus faecalis
in contaminated water using solar reactors IIA and IIB.
Appendix 11. Analysis of variance for the percentage survival of test bacteria against solar UV-A fluence.
Appendix 12. Calculated values for sunlight exposure time (min) at specified solar UV-A intensities as a function of survival of coliform bacteria.
Appendix 13. Calculated values for sunlight exposure time (min) at specified solar UV-A intensities as a function of survival of
Streptococcus faecalis
.
Appendix 14. Calculated values for sunlight exposure time (min) at specified solar UV-A intensities as a function of survival of
Escherichia coli
.
Appendix 15. Sample of a data sheet used for the experiments on solar dechlorination (halosol technique) of water exposed in a continuous-flow system.
Appendix 16. Summary of experimental mean values for solar dechlorination of water using solar reactors IA and lB.
Appendix 17. Analysis of variance (
p
< 0.001) for the percentage reduction in chlorine residual against solar UV-A fluence.
Appendix 18. Calculated values for sunlight exposure time (min) at specified solar UV-A intensities as a function of the remaining chlorine residual.
Originally published by
International Development Research Centre (IDRC - Canada)
PO Box 8500, Ottawa, Ont., Canada K1G 3H9
1990
Created by the
Documentation Center
at
AUB
in collaboration with
Al Mashriq
of
Høgskolen i Østfold
, Norway.
970730/wa-bl/980215/bl -
Email: almashriq@hiof.no